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The New Unworking Class
He that will not work shall not eat (except by sickness he be disabled). For the labors of thirty or forty honest and industrious men shall not be consumed to maintain a hundred and fifty idle loiterers. – John Smith, 1609
One out of six prime working-age adult males in the United States is not temporarily unemployed, or “between jobs,” or “looking for work.” No, a huge cohort of men in America is now neither employed nor looking for work. They are just skating by on a combination of girlfriends, wives, mothers, and government benefits. Their status, argues Nicholas Eberstadt in Men Without Work, is a “quiet catastrophe.”
Until relatively recently, choosing not to work was a luxury only the wealthy could afford. Everyone else had to keep the wolf from the door (though the temptation to try to live off others has always been with us – see John Smith above). In the 1950s, 98 percent of prime-age males were working or looking for work (i.e. in the labor force). Today it is 88 percent. Recessions have affected labor force participation, but the downward trend line has been consistent for decades. Only 15 percent of non-working men cite inability to find work as the reason for their idleness.
Eberstadt examines the usual explanations. The retirement of baby-boomers? It doesn’t account for the decline in work by those aged 25-54 (traditionally, the group most likely to be employed). The participation of prime-age men in the labor force fell from 94.1 percent in 1948 to 84.3 percent in 2015.
Aren’t more men in college? If the work patterns of 1965 obtained today, even accounting for the extra students enrolled in education programs, an additional 10 percent of America’s young men would be employed. “The overwhelming majority of adult male job trainees,” Eberstadt writes, “appear to be job holders already . . . Most men enrolled in formal schooling are also in the workforce.”
Is it the decline in manufacturing jobs? Eberstadt acknowledges the possibility, but thinks it’s been overstated. Other industrialized nations like Australia and Sweden experienced an identical decline in manufacturing employment without the steep withdrawal from work recorded among American men.
Who are these new non-workers? Most are low-skilled, never married, native-born, and many are African-American. High school dropouts are the most likely to be out of the labor force, but 40 percent have some college under their belts, and one sixth are college graduates. A significant number have felony convictions and/or prison time in their pasts.
How do they spend their time? The non-employed consistently spend more time on personal care (including sleep) than unemployed men. They spend the same amount of time on caring for household members as employed men (about 28 minutes per day), and much more time on “socializing, relaxing, and leisure” than employed men, unemployed men, or employed women. Watching TV and movies consumed an average of 5 ½ hours of each day for the non-employed.
How do they make ends meet? Many live with family members who earn income — and then there are government benefits. The average working man received $500 in benefits from the government in 2014. The average nonworking man got $5700.00. Disability payments seem to account for a large share of the benefits the non-employed receive and it’s an open secret that most are not truly disabled. Households with non-working prime age men are not as well off as those with working men, but they aren’t at the bottom either (that distinction belongs to single mothers).
Race and ethnicity take you only so far in understanding the flight from work. Labor force participation rates (LFPR) are higher for Latinos than for non-Hispanic whites. And married black men are more likely to be in the workforce than unmarried white men of the same age. Similarly, the LFPR for married whites with only a high school degree exceeds that of unmarried whites with some college or associate degrees.
The factors contributing to non-work are clearly complex, but the role of social mores is highly significant. When men feel that their traditional role as father and husband is no longer valued, they have less incentive to become the sort of people who can hold down a job. Our family roles give life meaning and purpose. Marriage is a far better predictor than race or ethnicity of whether a man will be employed, contributing to his community, and caring for others. The causality goes both ways too. A man raised by a single mother is less likely to be mature and responsible (i.e. marriageable) than a man from an intact family.
Non-marriage and non-work are locked in a downward spiral. Eberstadt’s book is a fire bell.
Published in Economics
I don’t think a real stigma exists anymore for being young, healthy and unemployed. I don’t pretend it is easy to find work (I’ve been out before) but it sounds like finding work isn’t the problem.
Even at the pinnacle of the tech boom when the NASDAQ was over 5000 and unemployment under 4.5% labor participation of men 25-54 in cities like Baltimore, Camden, Detroit, etc. was below 50%. It’s much more socially acceptable to be an ex-con or doing some street hustle than working for the man for chump change. Add to that the threats of garnishments for child support, back taxes, student loans, etc. working in the above-ground economy is much less profitable than sitting at home with an occasional street hustle or off-the-books gig.
And I’d like to add as the father of a legitimately disabled son it infuriates me that there has been no push back on the rampant fraud that’s accepted in disability programs.
I wonder to what extent the trend is due to the continuing improvements in home entertainment and virtual reality games.
That idea is a bit older than John Smith.
2 Thessalonians 3:10-11
10 For even when we were with you, this we commanded you, that if any would not work, neither should he eat. 11 For we hear that there are some which walk among you disorderly, working not at all, but are busybodies.
I hear you.
There are a number of videos on YouTube on the MGTOW, Men Going Their Own Way, phenomenon. These are not necessarily layabouts but contain sucessful professionals and tradesmen among their numbers. What these otherwise heteronormative men have in common with their idle peers is complete disengagement from married and family life.
A single never married man need not work long hard hours of labour just to feed, clothe, and house himself. Indeed he could do all this and still have money for travel and leisure. Such a man has seen his married cohorts immiserated by divorce thus arrive at the logical conclusion that marriage and family life is not a viable choice.
Granted there are happily married men but theses are few. Most men are not lucky enough to find a unicorn and are better off financially and emotionally to remain single. This is not to say they remain celibate but to eschew marriage, cohabitation and fatherhood.
Mona,
There are multiple factors contributing to this “New
Un-Working Class”, to list just a few:
When you add all these factors up and more, it should not surprise anyone that we have a huge increase in young men that have simply dropped out of the workforce.
The research shows that they are also happier than their peers.