Russia, Turkey, and Article V

 

20150707_collective-defence-img2Two particularly interesting comments came up at the tail end of my post about Turkey’s shooting down of a Russian jet. Let me reproduce them:

Pilgrim wrote:

I’ll just say it. Dump Article 5. Mutual defense obligations are either doomsday machines or paper tigers. If the treaty is wrongly considered a paper tiger, then it becomes a doomsday machine. The treaty is no stronger than the capabilities and resolve of the allies and both are open to question.

The Great War (Parts 1 and 2, with a sporting intermission to let Germany raise a new generation of young men and re-arm), was ignited by a cascade of treaties, none of which protected vital national interests, and none of which deterred the horror. In fact, the mutual defense obligations caused the horror.

And Carey J. replied:

If the terms of the Treaty of Versailles had been enforced, there would have been no WWII. France could have reamed Germany if they’d re-occupied the Rhineland when Hitler illegally ordered German troops there.

I agree entirely with Carey J. on the latter point. But the odd thing is that Pilgrim is also making a valid historical argument, particularly concerning the onset of the First World War. So this is one of those cases where we have more than one lesson of history to which to appeal — and those lessons are highly contradictory.

To put my own cards on the table, I think that yes, it’s the product of at least a decade of insane policy-making that we’ve now put ourselves in this position: NATO’s credibility is at risk because Erdoğan is insane. But this is the position we’re in.

So let’s go with this thought exercise. Suppose tomorrow’s headlines were to read:

NATO ANNOUNCES THE REVOCATION OF ARTICLE V

What do you think would happen on Sunday? Would our security and the world’s be diminished or enhanced?

Published in Foreign Policy, General
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  1. Manfred Arcane Inactive
    Manfred Arcane
    @ManfredArcane

    anonymous: As you note, if the nuclear missiles under U.S. control were to be used against targets in Russia, it probably wouldn’t make any difference whether they were were launched from Poland or Montana.  Since missiles based in the U.S. are already capable of hitting the same targets as missiles in Poland, there’s no reason to deploy them there.

    Even less than no reason, possibly, as the Pershing II, with its very fast time on target (~6 minutes to Moscow if memory serves) is much more a first strike capable weapon.  However, that being said, it should be conceded as making a better weapon against massed armed forces.

    Still, we don’t want to do this for the incredible provocation it would create.

    • #91
  2. Ontheleftcoast Inactive
    Ontheleftcoast
    @Ontheleftcoast

    John Batchelor interviewed Stephen F. Cohen (Russian Studies, NYU and Princeton) a few days ago. He gave a good summary of the world as Russia sees it, which should inform any thinking about the issue.

    https://audioboom.com/boos/3852131-tues-11-24-15-hr-2-nato-emergency-session-stephen-f-cohen-is-prof-emeritus-of-russian-studies-history-politics-at-nyu-and-princeton-also-american-committee-for-east-west-accord-eastwestaccord-com?t=0

    • #92
  3. Ball Diamond Ball 🚫 Banned
    Ball Diamond Ball
    @BallDiamondBall

    anonymous:

    Pilgrim:

    Manfred Arcane: Nuclear missiles in Poland says Poland is not up for grabs. ..

    Are you seriously considering something like the Pershing missile to be deployed into Poland? … Imagine if Russia installed similar missiles in Cuba, or Mexico, both of which are probably further away from downtown Washington, DC than Polish nuclear tipped missiles would be from Moscow.

    But this gets us right back to the situation when Pershing II missiles were based in West Germany prior to their removal and elimination pursuant to the INF Treaty after 1988. The warheads were under the control of the U.S., and could be released only by the U.S. national command authority. Many argued that it was not credible that the weapons (which could strike targets in the Soviet Union) would be released in the case of a conventional attack on West Germany, and hence did not constitute an effective deterrent.

    If weapons placed in Poland were under U.S. control, the same problem would exist. As you note, if the nuclear missiles under U.S. control were to be used against targets in Russia, it probably wouldn’t make any difference whether they were were launched from Poland or Montana. Since missiles based in the U.S. are already capable of hitting the same targets as missiles in Poland, there’s no reason to deploy them there.

    Seems to me that most of the deterrent is in not allowing a US nuclear missile base to be overrun.

    • #93
  4. jetstream Inactive
    jetstream
    @jetstream

    Ontheleftcoast:John Batchelor interviewed Stephen F. Cohen (Russian Studies, NYU and Princeton) a few days ago. He gave a good summary of the world as Russia sees it, which should inform any thinking about the issue.

    https://audioboom.com/boos/3852131-tues-11-24-15-hr-2-nato-emergency-session-stephen-f-cohen-is-prof-emeritus-of-russian-studies-history-politics-at-nyu-and-princeton-also-american-committee-for-east-west-accord-eastwestaccord-com?t=0

    Very interesting. There is a paucity of MSM coverage of the EU, led by France, forming a coalition with Russia to wage war against all terrorists in Syria -completely bypassing NATO.

    • #94
  5. Ontheleftcoast Inactive
    Ontheleftcoast
    @Ontheleftcoast

    Here’s a Russian news story alleging that Erdogan’s son has close business ties with ISIS. Disinformation? Strategically leaked fact?

    Erdogan’s son, Bilal, apparently has close ties with the ISIS fighters, going so far as posing with them in the photos, happily smiling. We know that Bilal Erdogan is the one in “de facto” control of the oil that flows to Turkey, and he buys the oil from ISIS on the black market. The shipping companies, which belong to Erdogan’s son, have private docks in Lebanon’s Beirut and Turkey’s Ceyhan — the contraband raw oil is shipped from there non-stop and this fact is no secret , especially for Turks.

    So when the Russians bombed the oil reserves of ISIS, this was the last straw. Ankara saw that it is about to lose a very big income source

    • #95
  6. Claire Berlinski, Ed. Member
    Claire Berlinski, Ed.
    @Claire

    Ontheleftcoast:Here’s a Russian news story alleging that Erdogan’s son has close business ties with ISIS. Disinformation? Strategically leaked fact?

    I just wrote a long response to this and lost it. I I don’t know what happened to it. I may step away from the keyboard, take a few deep breaths, then write a post about it. Short answer: Never trust the Russians. I’ll explain why when I get my will to live back.

    • #96
  7. jetstream Inactive
    jetstream
    @jetstream

    Claire Berlinski, Ed.:

    Ontheleftcoast:Here’s a Russian news story alleging that Erdogan’s son has close business ties with ISIS. Disinformation? Strategically leaked fact?

    I just wrote a long response to this and lost it. I I don’t know what happened to it. I may step away from the keyboard, take a few deep breaths, then write a post about it. Short answer: Never trust the Russians. I’ll explain why when I get my will to live back.

    Poor baby :) that is the kind of thing that can make you want to turn ski bum or move to Donovan’s Reef

    • #97
  8. Ball Diamond Ball 🚫 Banned
    Ball Diamond Ball
    @BallDiamondBall

    Clara Binski, we feel your pain.

    • #98
  9. Claire Berlinski, Ed. Member
    Claire Berlinski, Ed.
    @Claire

    Ontheleftcoast:Here’s a Russian news story alleging that Erdogan’s son has close business ties with ISIS. Disinformation? Strategically leaked fact?

    OK, I’ve reconstructed my response. I spent the morning cursing the Russians and whatever caused my comment to disappear, but now I’m okay.

    I don’t read Russian, so help from those of you who do would be appreciated, but I believe the clip in question comes from Russia 24, formerly known as Vesti. It’s owned and operated by VGTRK, the All-Russia State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company. And I can’t vouch for the accuracy of the translation — because I don’t speak Russian — but I’ll assume it’s accurate enough.

    The part of the story Gates of Vienna says was “an open secret” has been the subject of a huge amount of reporting — in both the mainstream media and by credible independent analysts. Looks to me as if what Russia 24’s done is taken a ton of Western (and Turkish) reporting and added a bit of drama … and Photoshop. The story “clarifies and confirms” nothing. The parts that are true aren’t news, and the parts that would be news aren’t true.

    It’s what it leaves out that makes it “disinformation” — not even “strategically leaked fact,” which gives them too much credit. As if they had real intelligence, as opposed to the ability to read, copy, and distort the work of hardworking Western journalists.

    Russians. Do not trust Russians, ever. Worse than Turks.

    First, of course we know that some elements of the Turkish state have had dealings with ISIS. This isn’t a secret — neither an “open” nor a closed one nor one in any way hidden from anyone’s view. It’s well-known and amply documented. I mean, start here: How and why were 46 Turkish hostages freed?

    Forty-nine staff members of the Turkish Consulate in Mosul (three of whom are Iraqi nationals) who were taken hostage June 11 by the Islamic State (IS) were freed at 6:30 a.m. Sept. 20. Details of the operation are slowly emerging.

    Interesting reports surfaced on the Takvahaber news website, which is identified as the IS mouthpiece in Turkey. According to one Takvahaber report, which was based on the Twitter account of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the IS caliph, the decision to release the hostages was personally approved by Baghdadi after Turkey refused to agree to the US demand for “active support of the coalition.”

    According to the same report, there was no operation of any kind. Hostages were moved on the night of Sept. 19-20 from Mosul to Raqqa in Syria, which is known as the IS capital and therefore considered more secure. They were then moved from Raqqa to Turkey’s Akcakale crossing about 40 miles away, and handed over to Turkish officials.

    In addition to the key question of whether the hostages were rescued through an operation or handed over by IS to Turkish officials, another question that gained prominence is, “Why now?” Why did IS give up the strategic ace it was holding against Turkey just now that the United States is setting up a coalition and is about to launch a military offensive?

    ISIS is not known for releasing hostages unharmed. QED.

    We know from tons of reliable Western reporting, not to mention US government statements and documents, that the US and Europe are fully aware that black market oil is the main driver of ISIS revenues, and Turkish buyers its main clients.

    Here’s a small sample of what’s been written about the ISIS-Turkish oil connection over the past few years by news organizations in the US and Europe:

    When US special forces raided the compound of an Islamic State leader in eastern Syria in May, they made sure not to tell the neighbours.

    The target of that raid, the first of its kind since US jets returned to the skies over Iraq last August, was an Isis official responsible for oil smuggling, named Abu Sayyaf. He was almost unheard of outside the upper echelons of the terror group, but he was well known to Turkey. From mid-2013, the Tunisian fighter had been responsible for smuggling oil from Syria’s eastern fields, which the group had by then commandeered. Black market oil quickly became the main driver of Isis revenues – and Turkish buyers were its main clients.

    As a result, the oil trade between the jihadis and the Turks was held up as evidence of an alliance between the two. It led to protests from Washington and Europe – both already wary of Turkey’s 900-mile border with Syria being used as a gateway by would-be jihadis from around the world.

    The estimated $1m-$4m per day in oil revenues that was thought to have flowed into Isis coffers over at least six months from late 2013 helped to transform an ambitious force with limited means into a juggernaut that has been steadily drawing western forces back to the region and increasingly testing state borders. …

    The oil-smuggling operation run by Abu Sayyaf has been cut drastically, although tankers carrying crude drawn from makeshift refineries still make it to the border. One Isis member says the organisation remains a long way from establishing a self-sustaining economy across the area of Syria and Iraq it controls. “They need the Turks. I know of a lot of cooperation and it scares me,” he said. “I don’t see how Turkey can attack the organisation too hard. There are shared interests.”

    I don’t know how much Bilal’s been skimming off the top, but the AKP skims off the top of everything — Turkey’s a kleptocracy — so no news there.

    Let’s go through a bit more of the reporting about this from at least a year ago. I point this out to stress that “open secret” is a strange, conspiracy-minded way to describe this. A story published in The New York Times, for example, is not a secret:

    Struggling to Starve ISIS of Oil Revenue, U.S. Seeks Assistance From Turkey

    The Obama administration is struggling to cut off the millions of dollars in oil revenue that has made the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria one of the wealthiest terror groups in history, but so far has been unable to persuade Turkey, the NATO ally where much of the oil is traded on the black market, to crack down on an extensive sales network.

    Western intelligence officials say they can track the ISIS oil shipments as they move across Iraq and into Turkey’s southern border regions. Despite extensive discussions inside the Pentagon, American forces have so far not attacked the tanker trucks, though a senior administration official said Friday “that remains an option.”

    In public, the administration has been unwilling to criticize Turkey, which insists it has little control over the flow of foreign fighters into Iraq and Syria across its borders, or the flow of oil back out. One senior official, calling President Obama’s recent conversations with Turkey’s president, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, “sensitive,” said the decisions about what the country will do to counter ISIS “will be theirs to make.”

    But behind the scenes, the conversations about the Sunni extremist group’s ability to gather vast sums to finance its operations have become increasingly tense since Mr. Obama’s vow on Wednesday night to degrade and ultimately destroy the group.

    Turkey declined to sign a communiqué on Thursday in Saudi Arabia that committed Persian Gulf states in the region to counter ISIS, even limited to the extent each nation considered “appropriate.” Turkish officials told their American counterparts that with 49 Turkish diplomats being held as hostages in Iraq, they could not risk taking a public stance against the terror group.

    Still, administration officials say they believe Turkey could substantially disrupt the cash flow to ISIS if it tried.

    “Like any sort of black market smuggling operation, if you devote the resources and the effort to attack it, you are unlikely to eradicate it, but you are likely to put a very significant dent in it,” a senior administration official said on Saturday.

    A second senior official said that Mr. Obama’s national security team had spoken several times with Mr. Erdogan and other top Turkish officials in the past two weeks about what they can do to help counter ISIS, and that ISIS’ financing was part of those discussions. “Stopping the flow of foreign fighters, border security and dismantling ISIL funding networks are also key aspects of our strategy, and we will continue to work closely with Turkey and our other partners in the region on these efforts in the days ahead,” the official said, using a different acronym to describe the militant organization.

    At the core of the talks are the dozen or so oil fields and refineries in Iraq and Syria on territory the group has controlled. The output has provided a steady stream of financing, which experts place at $1 million to $2 million a day — a pittance in terms of the global oil market, but a huge windfall for a terror group.

    “Oil is a huge part of the financing equation” that empowers ISIS, said James Phillips, the senior fellow for Middle Eastern Affairs at the Heritage Foundation, a Washington-based research center.

    Turkey’s failure thus far to help choke off the oil trade symbolizes the magnitude of the challenges facing the administration both in assembling a coalition to counter the Sunni militant group and in starving its lifeblood. ISIS’ access to cash is critical to its ability to recruit members, meet its growing payroll of fighters, expand its reach and operate across the territory of two countries.

    “Turkey in many ways is a wild card in this coalition equation,” said Juan Zarate, a senior adviser at the Center for Strategic and International Studies and author of “Treasury’s War: The Unleashing of a New Era of Financial Warfare.” “It’s a great disappointment: There is a real danger that the effort to degrade and destroy ISIS is at risk. You have a major NATO ally, and it is not clear they are willing and able to cut off flows of funds, fighters and support to ISIS.”

    From Bloomberg:

    Islamic State Smuggles Oil Into Turkey—With Hostages as Insurance

    Turks pay about 5 liras ($2.30) per liter at the pump, a higher price than in most European countries and more than double the average in the U.S.—the equivalent of almost $9 a gallon. That makes cheap oil and gasoline smuggled across the border from Syria and Iraq attractive. The fuel makes its way into Turkey by truck, hauled inside canisters, or is pumped through plastic pipelines. Middlemen purchase the fuel for 1 lira to 1.5 liras per liter, says Mehmet Ali Ediboglu, a Turkish legislator. By the time it arrives in the city of Gaziantep, a booming export hub in southeastern Turkey, it sells on the black market for about 3 liras, locals say.

    The trouble is, much of that gas comes from Islamic State, the murderous proto-government that rules a swath of territory straddling Syria and Iraq. The Sunni militants control about 60 percent of Syria’s crude oil production assets and several oil wells in Iraq, says Luay al-Khatteeb, a visiting fellow at the Brookings Doha Center. While some of the fuel is sold or distributed in Syria and Iraq, the rest is smuggled to southern Turkey. “It’s the only export market that Islamic State has,” he says.

    Smuggling has always played a role in the border economy, but it’s grown out of control since the start of Syria’s civil war in 2011. The amount of fuel seized at the border by authorities has tripled since then, say two government sources speaking on condition of anonymity because they aren’t authorized to speak to the press. Over the past few months, Turkey’s armed forces have started taking a tougher line, stopping trucks at the border and destroying pipelines, often little more than hoses. “We try to make sure that those smugglers know that if they smuggle now, it will be related to terrorism,” says one of the officials.

    As the shadow economy thrives, the traditional one is feeling the hurt. Already cut off from markets in Jordan, Lebanon, and the Persian Gulf by the fighting in Syria, merchants and Turkish exporters in Gaziantep province are reeling from the effects of Islamic State’s offensive in Iraq. A month after the militants overran Mosul and other cities, the province’s exports to the country fell 48 percent from the previous year, according to the Gaziantep chamber of commerce. Islamic State “has blocked the trade routes from the northern part [of Iraq] to the center,” says one agricultural commodity trader, who asked not to be named because of his company’s policy. “We had 15,000 metric tons going to Iraq every month. … Over the last two months that has basically stopped.” Turkey’s overall trade with Iraq has dropped 32 percent since June. According to Turkish news reports, the militants have set their sights on a number of towns near the border, presumably to open supply routes for weapons, fighters, and smuggled oil. …

    From Turkish reporter Fehim Taştekin:

    Turkish villages smuggle IS oil through makeshift pipelines

    HACIPASA, Turkey — For some time now, Turkey has been accused of either supporting or tolerating the activities of the Islamic State group (IS). Turkey’s hesitation to contribute to the coalition Washington is trying put together has only intensified the accusations. Since Turkey opened its borders without restriction to those fighting against the regime of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad, others have been exploiting the lax border control. More than facilitating the crossings of militants, the security loophole has also contributed to substantial financial resources for the armed groups dominating the liberated areas of Aleppo, Raqqa and Deir ez-Zor. The group profiting the most has been IS, which has been transporting to Turkey the oil it’s extracting with primitive methods in its occupied areas. …

    The state began to intervene only after the international media started to question whether Turkey was supporting IS and whether IS oil was being sold in Turkey. At the end of March, soldiers that had until then been watching the goings on from a hilltop about 100 meters from the river began digging up the pipes from the fields and cutting the ones that lay visible in the streets. Checkpoints were established to prevent the diesel from leaving Hacipasa. But the smugglers always found ways to bypass the gendarmerie, the latest being shipping the fuel in barrels.

    etc, etc., etc.

    There’s been a metric ton of reporting about this, page after page after page, so Russia 24 is not breaking a new story; it’s rehashing an old one. But it’s leaving out a great deal of very relevant information, and making parts of it up wholesale. (For one thing, while Bilal is surely as corrupt as the day is long, that photo of him with “ISIS” is in fact a photo of him with “two guys who run a restaurant in Istanbul.” Probably Islamists, yes, but not exactly ISIS high command.)

    More importantly, they fail to note that the regime they’re propping up — Assad’s — is purchasing a huge quantity of this oil:

    The U.S. Treasury Department sanctioned a Syrian businessman Wednesday. Officials say he “served as a middleman” for the Syrian government’s oil purchases from the Islamic State group, Reuters reported.

    In the U.S. government’s latest effort to cut off funding for the group, which claimed responsibility for the terror attacks in Paris earlier this month, the Treasury Department said it also sanctioned three other individuals and their affiliated businesses, including the Russian Financial Alliance Bank, for allegedly helping Syria’s central bank evade international sanctions.

    U.S. officials have long been vocal with concerns that Syrian President Bashar Assad was boosting the Islamic State group’s finances by buying oil on territory that was previously controlled by the Syrian government in Damascus. But the U.S. government’s sanctions Wednesday were the first to be imposed on Syria’s oil trade.

    And so is their other client, Iran. So alas are the rest of our clients — Jordan, Iraq, Iraqi Kurdistan. This is a nasty business, and probably the only state that’s cooperating with us in any way on this — at this point — is Turkey, although that doesn’t mean they’re cooperating enough.

    So they’ve added nothing to the story save the theory that Bilal is running it all (almost certainly not true; it’s far too complex for a moron like him to run, although if he’s not making money off of it, I’d be astonished) and a photo of Bilal with some dodgy Istanbul restaurateurs. But suddenly, this “open secret” is “clarified” and “confirmed?” Because it was repeated in a Russian news source? Hey, maybe I should have worked for the Russians — people might have believed what I wrote about Turkey.

    This part is especially rich:

    But if we talk about internal problems, this is the place where human rights

    5:42   were always suppressed. All Turkish governments always persecuted independent investigative journalists,

    5:46   who wrote about corruption, human rights violations.

    5:52   The journalists are arrested, imprisoned, tortured and sometimes even killed.

    5:57   If we look at foreign policy, Turkey always was the source of unrest in the region.

    Russia — Russia! — is complaining about Turkey’s human rights record? Russia is complaining about the fate of journalists in Turkey? I mean, the complaint is valid, don’t get me wrong, but it takes some chutzpahdik for a state-run Russian propaganda organ to point this out, considering this.

    Here’s the part I don’t get: When Russia “reported” the story, people noticed! This story is flying around the Internet now. Even though half the world had already reported it, and done a much better job.

    Why? It creeps me out. Since when do we trust Russians more than we trust our own journalists? This was reported by people and news organs across the whole ideological spectrum — left, right, etc.

    But Russian journalists somehow (at a very convenient moment for them) “revealed” the story? And suddenly the world paid attention? Why?

    • #99
  10. Manfred Arcane Inactive
    Manfred Arcane
    @ManfredArcane

    I don’t need to read the papers now.  Thanks, Ms. B.

    • #100
  11. Ontheleftcoast Inactive
    Ontheleftcoast
    @Ontheleftcoast

    Thank you, Claire.

    Churchill said,

    In wartime, truth is so precious that she should always be attended by a bodyguard of lies.

    I just reread Heinlein’s wonderful pieces Pravda Means Truth and Inside Intourist, available in volume two of Expanded Universe. 

    He wrote them around 1960. He had this to say:

    Pravda is that which serves the World Communist Revolution. Pravda can be a mixture of fact and falsehood, or a flat-footed, brassbound, outright lie. In rare cases and by sheer coincidence, pravda may happen to match the facts. I do not actually know of such a case but it seems statistically likely that such matching must have taken place a few times in the past 43 years.

    • #101
  12. Claire Berlinski, Ed. Member
    Claire Berlinski, Ed.
    @Claire

    Ontheleftcoast: Pravda is that which serves the World Communist Revolution. Pravda can be a mixture of fact and falsehood, or a flat-footed, brassbound, outright lie. In rare cases and by sheer coincidence, pravda may happen to match the facts. I do not actually know of such a case but it seems statistically likely that such matching must have taken place a few times in the past 43 years.

    The way good propaganda works is to match the facts much more often than you would by sheer coincidence.

    I’d have to go back and really study it to see whether Americans in, say, 1960, would take one look at Russian propaganda and start laughing or whether it’s only in retrospect that Soviet-era propaganda looks like Soviet-era propaganda. Russian propaganda — now — freaks me out because it seems wildly more sophisticated than the old-style stuff. It makes me go down a conspiracy rathole when I see a story like this. I genuinely don’t understand how they managed to make this story “news” in the West, and I wish I did.

    And here we go: The story’s in “Veterans Today.”

    (In case you missed my long, horrified post about Veterans Today, here it is.)

    • #102
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