Quote of the Day: What Does This Mean?

 

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781119072256.ch24

Sociolinguistic theory provides a dynamic view in which change is apprehended in progress, so that leaders and laggards can be identified and both the course of its diffusion and its rate can be delineated. The philosopher William James distinguished concepts, the idealization of reality, from percepts, the apprehension of reality. In order to demonstrate how the analysis of variable linguistic data proceeds and what its correlations with independent variables reveal, the chapter discusses a well-studied variable of English often symbolized (CC) but sometimes called (more descriptively) final stop deletion or morpheme-final consonant cluster simplification. The core social attributes affecting language use are social class, social networks, sex and gender, ethnicity, and age. Sociolinguistics is the science of parole or ergon or performance. Like grammatical competence, sociolinguistic competence is neither taught nor consciously learned. It is simply acquired by virtue of human nature, and deeply embedded in it.

The fruits of wondering what my student meant when referring to social-linguistic theory.

I’d prefer we don’t blame this on William James.  I like James. He makes sense.

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  1. Mark Camp Member
    Mark Camp
    @MarkCamp

    Barfly (View Comment):

    Mark Camp (View Comment):

    I have long felt very strongly that all philosophy, including all science, including economic science, and all applied philosophy (political and social debates) should be written in some good programming framework, and tested for a clean compile and execution before publishing.

    I think I see where you’re going. I think what we really want is for all debates and discussions to use words and concepts that comport well with set theory. I define “rational” as being “treatable by set theory.” Does that agree with your notion?

    For those who don’t do reason well, which is most of you, set theory is the basis of mathematics. Set theory is the responsible working out of the idea that “things have identity.”

    I haven’t used the concepts and language of set theory in my thinking. Not directly anyway. Perhaps that would give me a better understanding. I’d like to hear more about this idea.

    I basically listed above, by implication, the requirements for a minimally satisfactory language, but I don’t know how to map it to set theory. It’s about the first time I’ve tried to write my idea down for someone else to read, and I’ve not criticized it.  Just wrote it, stream of consciousness-style.

    I see some lumpiness. “No contradictions allowed by the language” needs critical examination, eg. 

    • #31
  2. BDB Inactive
    BDB
    @BDB

    Mark Camp (View Comment):

    Barfly (View Comment):

    Mark Camp (View Comment):

    I have long felt very strongly that all philosophy, including all science, including economic science, and all applied philosophy (political and social debates) should be written in some good programming framework, and tested for a clean compile and execution before publishing.

    I think I see where you’re going. I think what we really want is for all debates and discussions to use words and concepts that comport well with set theory. I define “rational” as being “treatable by set theory.” Does that agree with your notion?

    For those who don’t do reason well, which is most of you, set theory is the basis of mathematics. Set theory is the responsible working out of the idea that “things have identity.”

    I haven’t used the concepts and language of set theory in my thinking. Not directly anyway. Perhaps that would give me a better understanding. I’d like to hear more about this idea.

    I basically listed above, by implication, the requirements for a minimally satisfactory language, but I don’t know how to map it to set theory. It’s about the first time I’ve tried to write my idea down for someone else to read, and I’ve not criticized it. Just wrote it, stream of consciousness-style.

    I see some lumpiness. “No contradictions allowed by the language” needs critical examination, eg.

    And here we are right back to Goedel.  So embrace the ambiguity.  Love it!  Sloppily.  It’s all we will ever have.  (Probably)

    • #32
  3. Mark Camp Member
    Mark Camp
    @MarkCamp

    BDB (View Comment):

    And here we are right back to Goedel. So embrace the ambiguity. Love it! Sloppily. It’s all we will ever have. (Probably)

    Loving it would be a difficult switch for me!

    I hate unnecessary miscommunication caused by correctable language deficiencies.  The existence of programming languages, which are perfectly free of ambiguity, has already proved that the poverty, ignorance, strife, and warfare caused by ambiguous language is unnecessary.  In theory.

     

    • #33
  4. kedavis Coolidge
    kedavis
    @kedavis

    Mark Camp (View Comment):

    BDB (View Comment):

    And here we are right back to Goedel. So embrace the ambiguity. Love it! Sloppily. It’s all we will ever have. (Probably)

    Loving it would be a difficult switch for me!

    I hate unnecessary miscommunication caused by correctable language deficiencies. The existence of programming languages, which are perfectly free of ambiguity, has already proved that the poverty, ignorance, strife, and warfare caused by ambiguous language is unnecessary. In theory.

     

    Didn’t Latin have much less of a problem in those areas, since it seemed to have a lot of different specific words for anything you might think of?

     

    • #34
  5. HankRhody Freelance Philosopher Contributor
    HankRhody Freelance Philosopher
    @HankRhody

    Mark Camp (View Comment):

    English is defective.  For one thing, it’s ambiguous.  Your language is not ambiguous.

    For another, it allows nonsense statements.  Your language doesn’t.

    For another, it allows contradictory statements.  Your language doesn’t.

    For another, it allows for references to undeclared and undefined classes and variables. Your language doesn’t.

    You should see the steaming piles of dreck I get to compile.

    • #35
  6. Mark Camp Member
    Mark Camp
    @MarkCamp

    HankRhody Freelance Philosopher (View Comment):

    Mark Camp (View Comment):

    English is defective. For one thing, it’s ambiguous. Your language is not ambiguous.

    For another, it allows nonsense statements. Your language doesn’t.

    For another, it allows contradictory statements. Your language doesn’t.

    For another, it allows for references to undeclared and undefined classes and variables. Your language doesn’t.

    You should see the steaming piles of dreck I get to compile.

    OK. Just send me a message,

    Ricocheteer.see(dreck Dreck_pile);

    • #36
  7. BDB Inactive
    BDB
    @BDB

    Mark Camp (View Comment):

    BDB (View Comment):

    And here we are right back to Goedel. So embrace the ambiguity. Love it! Sloppily. It’s all we will ever have. (Probably)

    Loving it would be a difficult switch for me!

    I hate unnecessary miscommunication caused by correctable language deficiencies. The existence of programming languages, which are perfectly free of ambiguity, has already proved that the poverty, ignorance, strife, and warfare caused by ambiguous language is unnecessary. In theory.

     

    Nope, nope, nope.  I’ll submit that ambiguous language is a feature not a bug, and at any rate is consistent with Conway’s Law: “Any organization that designs a system (defined broadly) will produce a design whose structure is a copy of the organization’s communication structure.”  In all the history of the species, no langauge has ever emerged (that we know of) which has been free of ambiguity.  The ambiguity is in us. That which can be expressed unambiguously is probably trivial.

    This is not to denigrate efforts to reduce ambiguity, which can be laudable.  But Diversity is not our strength, and Ambiguity is not our downfall.

    Simple processors can unambiguously execute unambiguous instructions.  Scale it up and quantity becomes a quality all its own.  Your statement is correct in parts, but I think that you unjustifiedly scale the solution up to fit an unenumerable plethora of problems, El Guapo.

    • #37
  8. Flicker Coolidge
    Flicker
    @Flicker

    Mark Camp (View Comment):

    BDB (View Comment):

    And here we are right back to Goedel. So embrace the ambiguity. Love it! Sloppily. It’s all we will ever have. (Probably)

    Loving it would be a difficult switch for me!

    I hate unnecessary miscommunication caused by correctable language deficiencies. The existence of programming languages, which are perfectly free of ambiguity, has already proved that the poverty, ignorance, strife, and warfare caused by ambiguous language is unnecessary. In theory.

    Excuse me, but do you have any documented evidence that perfectly understandable, correctly communicated put-downs or insults (as opposed to sarcasm, veiled, passive-aggressive, or back-handed compliments) would ever reduce poverty, ignorance, strife, and warfare?

    • #38
  9. Flicker Coolidge
    Flicker
    @Flicker

    Mark Camp (View Comment):

    HankRhody Freelance Philosopher (View Comment):

    Mark Camp (View Comment):

    English is defective. For one thing, it’s ambiguous. Your language is not ambiguous.

    For another, it allows nonsense statements. Your language doesn’t.

    For another, it allows contradictory statements. Your language doesn’t.

    For another, it allows for references to undeclared and undefined classes and variables. Your language doesn’t.

    You should see the steaming piles of dreck I get to compile.

    OK. Just send me a message,

    Ricocheteer.see(dreck Dreck_pile);

    Is the steaminess implied here?

    • #39
  10. HankRhody Freelance Philosopher Contributor
    HankRhody Freelance Philosopher
    @HankRhody

    Flicker (View Comment):

    Mark Camp (View Comment):

    HankRhody Freelance Philosopher (View Comment):

    […]

    You should see the steaming piles of dreck I get to compile.

    OK. Just send me a message,

    Ricocheteer.see(dreck Dreck_pile);

    Is the steaminess implied here?

    Steaminess is implied in everything I write.

    • #40
  11. Percival Thatcher
    Percival
    @Percival

    Barfly (View Comment):

    Percival (View Comment):

    Sociolinguistics? Give me the parameters for a language that is not inherently social. This is a nonsense term.

    public static void main(String[] okThen) {

    System.out.println(“You may be right. I’m still thinking about it.”);

    }

    I gave thought to that. One who is expressing himself in such a language is primarily communicating with machines, but not exclusively so. Someone may come along one day and try to determine the meaning of what the writer intended.

    Is reading code more social than writing it?

    • #41
  12. Saint Augustine Member
    Saint Augustine
    @SaintAugustine

    Barfly (View Comment):

    Mark Camp (View Comment):

    I have long felt very strongly that all philosophy, including all science, including economic science, and all applied philosophy (political and social debates) should be written in some good programming framework, and tested for a clean compile and execution before publishing.

    I think I see where you’re going. I think what we really want is for all debates and discussions to use words and concepts that comport well with set theory. I define “rational” as being “treatable by set theory.” Does that agree with your notion?

    For those who don’t do reason well, which is most of you, set theory is the basis of mathematics. Set theory is the responsible working out of the idea that “things have identity.”

    That sounds dreadful to me.

    • #42
  13. Barfly Member
    Barfly
    @Barfly

    Saint Augustine (View Comment):

    Barfly (View Comment):

    Mark Camp (View Comment):

    I have long felt very strongly that all philosophy, including all science, including economic science, and all applied philosophy (political and social debates) should be written in some good programming framework, and tested for a clean compile and execution before publishing.

    I think I see where you’re going. I think what we really want is for all debates and discussions to use words and concepts that comport well with set theory. I define “rational” as being “treatable by set theory.” Does that agree with your notion?

    For those who don’t do reason well, which is most of you, set theory is the basis of mathematics. Set theory is the responsible working out of the idea that “things have identity.”

    That sounds dreadful to me.

    I’m not surprised. I submit that the discipline of philosophy requires the ability to smoothly elide between concepts in ways that mathematics would not allow. Philosophy is the art of substituting the map for the territory.

    • #43
  14. Jim McConnell Member
    Jim McConnell
    @JimMcConnell

    Doctor Robert (View Comment):

    Saint Augustine:

    https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781119072256.ch24

    Sociolinguistics studies changes in the use of language by individuals rather than by groups. Those changes occurring more and less quickly can be noted and further changes predicted. Like good grammar, an understanding of sociolinguistics can neither be taught nor consciously learned, but is acquired by human nature and interactions.

    A person’s use of language are most affected by his/her social class and networks, sex, ethnicity, and age.

    To demonstrate how sociolinguistics can be used as an analytic tool, this chapter discusses a well-studied variable of English, the final stop deletion.

    It’s really not gibberish. It’s the five sentences I have parsed above, written in Academicese rather than in English.

    I’m not saying it’s a good bit of writing, just that it does carry a coherent message when translated. I deleted the business about William James as it de-focuses both the original summary and my translation.

    Thank you for the translation. Are you fluent in lots of other obscure/abstruse languages? 

    • #44
  15. Saint Augustine Member
    Saint Augustine
    @SaintAugustine

    Barfly (View Comment):

    Saint Augustine (View Comment):

    Barfly (View Comment):

    Mark Camp (View Comment):

    I have long felt very strongly that all philosophy, including all science, including economic science, and all applied philosophy (political and social debates) should be written in some good programming framework, and tested for a clean compile and execution before publishing.

    I think I see where you’re going. I think what we really want is for all debates and discussions to use words and concepts that comport well with set theory. I define “rational” as being “treatable by set theory.” Does that agree with your notion?

    For those who don’t do reason well, which is most of you, set theory is the basis of mathematics. Set theory is the responsible working out of the idea that “things have identity.”

    That sounds dreadful to me.

    I’m not surprised. I submit that the discipline of philosophy requires the ability to smoothly elide between concepts in ways that mathematics would not allow. Philosophy is the art of substituting the map for the territory.

    No, it’s not.

    But some terribly unclear philosophers do do that.

    Most of them are hardcore analytic philosophers. I.e., the kind who try to replace clear English with an artificial clearer philosophical language.

    Who are the clearest writers in philosophy? It’s not the ones who aimed to surpass Vulcan-level precision. It’s the ones who used clear ordinary language to convey insights normal human beings can understand. Not Leibniz, Spinoza, and the contemporary analytics so much as Aristotle, Epicurus, Seneca, Boethius, William James, and C. S. Lewis.

    • #45
  16. Barfly Member
    Barfly
    @Barfly

    Percival (View Comment):

    Barfly (View Comment):

    Percival (View Comment):

    Sociolinguistics? Give me the parameters for a language that is not inherently social. This is a nonsense term.

    public static void main(String[] okThen) {

    System.out.println(“You may be right. I’m still thinking about it.”);

    }

    I gave thought to that. One who is expressing himself in such a language is primarily communicating with machines, but not exclusively so. Someone may come along one day and try to determine the meaning of what the writer intended.

    Is reading code more social than writing it?

    +10 points for you. I like to say that “All software development is a social activity.” Managers and HR types like it, and it happens to be true.

    I also tell people that the first trait of quality code is readability.

    • #46
  17. Mark Camp Member
    Mark Camp
    @MarkCamp

    BDB (View Comment):

    Mark Camp (View Comment):

    BDB (View Comment):

    And here we are right back to Goedel. So embrace the ambiguity. Love it! Sloppily. It’s all we will ever have. (Probably)

    Loving it would be a difficult switch for me!

    I hate unnecessary miscommunication caused by correctable language deficiencies. The existence of programming languages, which are perfectly free of ambiguity, has already proved that the poverty, ignorance, strife, and warfare caused by ambiguous language is unnecessary. In theory.

     

    Nope, nope, nope. I’ll submit that ambiguous language is a feature not a bug, and at any rate is consistent with Conway’s Law: “Any organization that designs a system (defined broadly) will produce a design whose structure is a copy of the organization’s communication structure.” In all the history of the species, no langauge has ever emerged (that we know of) which has been free of ambiguity. The ambiguity is in us. That which can be expressed unambiguously is probably trivial.

    This is not to denigrate efforts to reduce ambiguity, which can be laudable. But Diversity is not our strength, and Ambiguity is not our downfall.

    Simple processors can unambiguously execute unambiguous instructions. Scale it up and quantity becomes a quality all its own. Your statement is correct in parts, but I think that you unjustifiedly scale the solution up to fit an unenumerable plethora of problems, El Guapo.

    Well this is a deep subject (;-) , and one that you’ve obviously thought a lot about.  It’s probably too interesting for me right now…everything you and Flicker write just now makes be think of 2.5 more things.   I will probably write when I’m not tired.

    • #47
  18. Percival Thatcher
    Percival
    @Percival

    BDB (View Comment):

    Mark Camp (View Comment):

    Barfly (View Comment):

    Mark Camp (View Comment):

    I have long felt very strongly that all philosophy, including all science, including economic science, and all applied philosophy (political and social debates) should be written in some good programming framework, and tested for a clean compile and execution before publishing.

    I think I see where you’re going. I think what we really want is for all debates and discussions to use words and concepts that comport well with set theory. I define “rational” as being “treatable by set theory.” Does that agree with your notion?

    For those who don’t do reason well, which is most of you, set theory is the basis of mathematics. Set theory is the responsible working out of the idea that “things have identity.”

    I haven’t used the concepts and language of set theory in my thinking. Not directly anyway. Perhaps that would give me a better understanding. I’d like to hear more about this idea.

    I basically listed above, by implication, the requirements for a minimally satisfactory language, but I don’t know how to map it to set theory. It’s about the first time I’ve tried to write my idea down for someone else to read, and I’ve not criticized it. Just wrote it, stream of consciousness-style.

    I see some lumpiness. “No contradictions allowed by the language” needs critical examination, eg.

    And here we are right back to Goedel. So embrace the ambiguity. Love it! Sloppily. It’s all we will ever have. (Probably)

    Gödel did something amazing. He didn’t just prove that a proposed system for describing natural numbers was incomplete. He showed that no such system could be complete. Briefly stated, there  are true propositions about natural numbers that are true, but cannot be proven to be true. This made mathematicians drink, and theologians giggle.

    • #48
  19. Mark Camp Member
    Mark Camp
    @MarkCamp

    Percival (View Comment):

    Gödel did something amazing. He didn’t just prove that a proposed system for describing natural numbers was incomplete. He showed that no such system could be complete. Briefly stated, there are true propositions about natural numbers that are true, but cannot be proven to be true. This made mathematicians drink, and theologians giggle.

    It made my head spin when I first learned it.  Now it just makes me think, wow. How cool it would have been to be a logician/philosopher/mathematician/theoretical scientist and spend my time learning, thinking, writing, arguing about those things. I started out on that path and ended up far from it.  (But I am happy, no regrets).

    • #49
  20. Barfly Member
    Barfly
    @Barfly

    Percival (View Comment):

    BDB (View Comment):

    Mark Camp (View Comment):

    Barfly (View Comment):

    Mark Camp (View Comment):

    I have long felt very strongly that all philosophy, including all science, including economic science, and all applied philosophy (political and social debates) should be written in some good programming framework, and tested for a clean compile and execution before publishing.

    I think I see where you’re going. I think what we really want is for all debates and discussions to use words and concepts that comport well with set theory. I define “rational” as being “treatable by set theory.” Does that agree with your notion?

    For those who don’t do reason well, which is most of you, set theory is the basis of mathematics. Set theory is the responsible working out of the idea that “things have identity.”

    I haven’t used the concepts and language of set theory in my thinking. Not directly anyway. Perhaps that would give me a better understanding. I’d like to hear more about this idea.

    I basically listed above, by implication, the requirements for a minimally satisfactory language, but I don’t know how to map it to set theory. It’s about the first time I’ve tried to write my idea down for someone else to read, and I’ve not criticized it. Just wrote it, stream of consciousness-style.

    I see some lumpiness. “No contradictions allowed by the language” needs critical examination, eg.

    And here we are right back to Goedel. So embrace the ambiguity. Love it! Sloppily. It’s all we will ever have. (Probably)

    Gödel did something amazing. He didn’t just prove that a proposed system for describing natural numbers was incomplete. He showed that no such system could be complete. Briefly stated, there are true propositions about natural numbers that are true, but cannot be proven to be true. This made mathematicians drink, and theologians giggle.

    Exactly what Godel proved is probably beyond me, but I think your brief statement leaves out the important part: some true statements about any formal number theory cannot be proved within that theory. I have always speculated about a handshaking pair of complementary number theories, in which anything can be proved about either but not necessarily both, using the combined mechanism of both. I’ll probably never investigate that. I barely know enough to read Godel’s Proof by Nagel and Newmann.

    • #50
  21. Mark Camp Member
    Mark Camp
    @MarkCamp

    Flicker (View Comment):

    Mark Camp (View Comment):

    HankRhody Freelance Philosopher (View Comment):

    Mark Camp (View Comment):

    English is defective. For one thing, it’s ambiguous. Your language is not ambiguous.

    For another, it allows nonsense statements. Your language doesn’t.

    For another, it allows contradictory statements. Your language doesn’t.

    For another, it allows for references to undeclared and undefined classes and variables. Your language doesn’t.

    You should see the steaming piles of dreck I get to compile.

    OK. Just send me a message,

    Ricocheteer.see(dreck Dreck_pile);

    Is the steaminess implied here?

    The method Ricocheteer.see() would return a positive integer (steaminess), based on the steaminess of Dreck_pile. Hank would discard this value, since he already knew how bad it was when he sent a reference to it.

    • #51
  22. Saint Augustine Member
    Saint Augustine
    @SaintAugustine

    Percival (View Comment):
    Gödel did something amazing. He didn’t just prove that a proposed system for describing natural numbers was incomplete. He showed that no such system could be complete. Briefly stated, there  are true propositions about natural numbers that are true, but cannot be proven to be true. This made mathematicians drink, and theologians giggle.

    And philosophers were like, “We were wondering if you guys were ever gonna catch up.”

    • #52
  23. Saint Augustine Member
    Saint Augustine
    @SaintAugustine

    Mark Camp (View Comment):
    It made my head spin when I first learned it.  Now it just makes me think, wow. How cool it would have been to be a logician/philosopher/mathematician/theoretical scientist and spend my time learning, thinking, writing, arguing about those things. I started out on that path and ended up far from it.  (But I am happy, no regrets).

    Being on Ricochet is better than being formally a scholar in most academic settings.

    • #53
  24. Mark Camp Member
    Mark Camp
    @MarkCamp

    Barfly (View Comment):
    I’ll probably never investigate that.

    See what I mean?  That’s JUST the kind of brainstorm I would have spent a year thinking about, and then giving a paper on at a conference in a hotel on Lake Geneva.  Not the one on the Northwest Line from Chicago.  I mean the lake in Switzerland.

    • #54
  25. Saint Augustine Member
    Saint Augustine
    @SaintAugustine

    Barfly (View Comment):
    Exactly what Godel proved is probably beyond me, but I think your brief statement leaves out the important part: some true statements about any formal number theory cannot be proved within that theory. I have always speculated about a handshaking pair of complementary number theories, in which anything can be proved about either but not necessarily both, using the combined mechanism of both.

    If either one has something unproven, then this strategy is helpful, but it still leaves us trusting in some First Principle.

    We always end up there, which is always back where we started. Which is fine.

    • #55
  26. Mark Camp Member
    Mark Camp
    @MarkCamp

    Saint Augustine (View Comment):
    We always end up there, which is always back where we started. Which is fine.

    Just like He planned it.

    • #56
  27. Barfly Member
    Barfly
    @Barfly

    Mark Camp (View Comment):

    Barfly (View Comment):
    I’ll probably never investigate that.

    See what I mean? That’s JUST the kind of brainstorm I would have spent a year thinking about, and then giving a paper on at a conference in a hotel on Lake Geneva. Not the one on the Northwest Line from Chicago. I mean the lake in Switzerland.

    You are free to use the idea. I’d at least like to have someone tell me whether it’s already covered by Godel. May I have a copy of your paper?

    • #57
  28. Barfly Member
    Barfly
    @Barfly

    Saint Augustine (View Comment):

    Percival (View Comment):
    Gödel did something amazing. He didn’t just prove that a proposed system for describing natural numbers was incomplete. He showed that no such system could be complete. Briefly stated, there are true propositions about natural numbers that are true, but cannot be proven to be true. This made mathematicians drink, and theologians giggle.

    And philosophers were like, “We were wondering if you guys were ever gonna catch up.”

    Dunning. Kruger.

    • #58
  29. Flicker Coolidge
    Flicker
    @Flicker

    Mark Camp (View Comment):

    Flicker (View Comment):

    Mark Camp (View Comment):

    HankRhody Freelance Philosopher (View Comment):

    Mark Camp (View Comment):

    English is defective. For one thing, it’s ambiguous. Your language is not ambiguous.

    For another, it allows nonsense statements. Your language doesn’t.

    For another, it allows contradictory statements. Your language doesn’t.

    For another, it allows for references to undeclared and undefined classes and variables. Your language doesn’t.

    You should see the steaming piles of dreck I get to compile.

    OK. Just send me a message,

    Ricocheteer.see(dreck Dreck_pile);

    Is the steaminess implied here?

    The method Ricocheteer.see() would return a positive integer (steaminess), based on the steaminess of Dreck_pile. Hank would discard this value, since he already knew how bad it was when he sent a reference to it.

    So you’re saying Hank’s communication included a value that was known by you and discarded by him?  I think that this goes against the idea of a precluding “references to undeclared and undefined classes and variables.”  Or else your approved system of unambiguous communication includes mental … what’s the word? … tele … tele … heliographic, isomeric teletetroscopy or something.  It’s not coming in clearly.

    • #59
  30. Mark Camp Member
    Mark Camp
    @MarkCamp

    Flicker (View Comment):

    Mark Camp (View Comment):

    Flicker (View Comment):

    Mark Camp (View Comment):

    Or else your approved system of unambiguous communication includes mental … what’s the word? … tele … tele … heliographic, isomeric teletetroscopy or something. It’s not coming in clearly.

    Fold your hands in front of you and stare at a spot on the wall again.  I’ll resend.

    • #60
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