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Margaret Thatcher once remarked that “Europe was created by history. America was created by philosophy.” What she had in mind here was the strain of thought that considered America and its founding thought as predominantly a product of enlightenment-era rational philosophy, especially as it crystalized in the work of John Locke. Hence the view of America as a "creedal" nation, founded on reason.
This general account has long attracted criticism for neglecting the contributions of Christianity, and our historical inheritance from England, albeit modified in substantial ways by our colonial and revolutionary experience. These two camps that seem especially irreconcilable for some reason, though it ought to be possible in my mind to achieve a synthesis. Somehow it is seldom attempted, let alone successfully accomplished, so we go on firing from our intellectual fixed fortifications.
In this second installment of my special series on the Declaration, we take up one book just out that takes seriously the specifically Christian contributions to the thought of the Declaration and the Founding more generally is John G. West's Endowed by Our Creator: The Bible, Science, and the Battle for America's Soul.
As the title suggests, West devotes considerable time to recounting in vivid and specific detail how Christian faith influenced the Declaration and the Founding, as suggested in the all-important phrase "Endowed by Our Creator." But he adds some interesting and original perspectives on the attacks on the Declaration and its theological-political teaching by drawing out attention to the mid-19th century.
As most listeners of this podcast or its cousins know, the Progressives, especially Woodrow Wilson, directly rejected the Declaration and its philosophy of natural rights because Wilson thought Hegel had displaced Locke, but West draws out in detail the other figure that influenced Wilson and the Progressives in their rejection of the founding. Remember that Wilson not only said to ignore the Declaration, but that our Constitution must be understood in Darwinian terms. Thus perhaps the most significant contribution of West's book is he account of how Darwinism, and a number of other evolutionary theorists (some of whom actually preceded Darwin) affected American political thought and prepared the way for the predations of the Progressives.