Guess What Just Went Viral in China?

 

The New York Post!

Xi didn’t actually admit that the coronavirus now devastating large swathes of China had escaped from one of the country’s bioresearch labs. But the very next day, evidence emerged suggesting that this is exactly what happened, as the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology released a new directive entitled: “Instructions on strengthening biosecurity management in microbiology labs that handle advanced viruses like the novel coronavirus.”

It’s probably nothing.

Published in Science & Technology
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  1. Norm McDonald Inactive
    Norm McDonald
    @Pseudodionysius

    The creation of a chimeric SARS-like virus has scientists discussing the risks of gain-of-function research.

    Jef Akst
    Nov 16, 2015

    Ralph Baric, an infectious-disease researcher at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, last week (November 9) published a study on his team’s efforts to engineer a virus with the surface protein of the SHC014 coronavirus, found in horseshoe bats in China, and the backbone of one that causes human-like severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in mice. The hybrid virus could infect human airway cells and caused disease in mice, according to the team’s results, which were published in Nature Medicine.

    The results demonstrate the ability of the SHC014 surface protein to bind and infect human cells, validating concerns that this virus—or other coronaviruses found in bat species—may be capable of making the leap to people without first evolving in an intermediate host, Nature reported. They also reignite a debate about whether that information justifies the risk of such work, known as gain-of-function research. “If the [new] virus escaped, nobody could predict the trajectory,” Simon Wain-Hobson, a virologist at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, told Nature.

    In October 2013, the US government put a stop to all federal funding for gain-of-function studies, with particular concern rising about influenza, SARS, and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). “NIH [National Institutes of Health] has funded such studies because they help define the fundamental nature of human-pathogen interactions, enable the assessment of the pandemic potential of emerging infectious agents, and inform public health and preparedness efforts,” NIH Director Francis Collins said in a statement at the time. “These studies, however, also entail biosafety and biosecurity risks, which need to be understood better.”

    Baric’s study on the SHC014-chimeric coronavirus began before the moratorium was announced, and the NIH allowed it to proceed during a review process, which eventually led to the conclusion that the work did not fall under the new restrictions, Baric told Nature. But some researchers, like Wain-Hobson, disagree with that decision.

    The debate comes down to how informative the results are. “The only impact of this work is the creation, in a lab, of a new, non-natural risk,” Richard Ebright, a molecular biologist and biodefence expert at Rutgers University, told Nature.

    But Baric and others argued the study’s importance. “[The results] move this virus from a candidate emerging pathogen to a clear and present danger,” Peter Daszak, president of the EcoHealth Alliance, which samples viruses from animals and people in emerging-diseases hotspots across the globe, told Nature.

    • #61
  2. Norm McDonald Inactive
    Norm McDonald
    @Pseudodionysius

    Folks, this just isn’t that hard to connect the dots.

    Even a weekend comedy television anchor can do it.

    • #62
  3. Norm McDonald Inactive
    Norm McDonald
    @Pseudodionysius

    Now for the bonus round:

    Your tax dollars hard at work. What if the origin of the Chinese outbreak was a US lab? Well, we certainly couldn’t complain that US tax dollars weren’t hard at work ensuring that future generations won’t have to face this terrible debacle because either they’ll have cured it or they’ll have wiped out the human species in which case they’ll never be born.

    When looked at that way, its really win-win if you drink between 24 and 48 ounces of Russian vodka in the space of about 2 hours.

     

    • #63
  4. Norm McDonald Inactive
    Norm McDonald
    @Pseudodionysius

    Additional bonus round:

    Would “gain of function” be a euphemism for creating offensive biological agents? If it isn’t, then I think Jeffrey Epstein killed himself.

    • #64
  5. RightAngles Member
    RightAngles
    @RightAngles

    Norm McDonald (View Comment):

    The creation of a chimeric SARS-like virus has scientists discussing the risks of gain-of-function research.

    Jef Akst
    Nov 16, 2015

    Ralph Baric, an infectious-disease researcher at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, last week (November 9) published a study on his team’s efforts to engineer a virus with the surface protein of the SHC014 coronavirus, found in horseshoe bats in China, and the backbone of one that causes human-like severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in mice. The hybrid virus could infect human airway cells and caused disease in mice, according to the team’s results, which were published in Nature Medicine.

    The results demonstrate the ability of the SHC014 surface protein to bind and infect human cells, validating concerns that this virus—or other coronaviruses found in bat species—may be capable of making the leap to people without first evolving in an intermediate host, Nature reported. They also reignite a debate about whether that information justifies the risk of such work, known as gain-of-function research. “If the [new] virus escaped, nobody could predict the trajectory,” Simon Wain-Hobson, a virologist at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, told Nature.

    In October 2013, the US government put a stop to all federal funding for gain-of-function studies, with particular concern rising about influenza, SARS, and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). “NIH [National Institutes of Health] has funded such studies because they help define the fundamental nature of human-pathogen interactions, enable the assessment of the pandemic potential of emerging infectious agents, and inform public health and preparedness efforts,” NIH Director Francis Collins said in a statement at the time. “These studies, however, also entail biosafety and biosecurity risks, which need to be understood better.”

    Baric’s study on the SHC014-chimeric coronavirus began before the moratorium was announced, and the NIH allowed it to proceed during a review process, which eventually led to the conclusion that the work did not fall under the new restrictions, Baric told Nature. But some researchers, like Wain-Hobson, disagree with that decision.

    The debate comes down to how informative the results are. “The only impact of this work is the creation, in a lab, of a new, non-natural risk,” Richard Ebright, a molecular biologist and biodefence expert at Rutgers University, told Nature.

    But Baric and others argued the study’s importance. “[The results] move this virus from a candidate emerging pathogen to a clear and present danger,” Peter Daszak, president of the EcoHealth Alliance, which samples viruses from animals and people in emerging-diseases hotspots across the globe, told Nature.

    WHAT

    • #65
  6. The Reticulator Member
    The Reticulator
    @TheReticulator

    Norm McDonald (View Comment):

    Additional bonus round:

    Would “gain of function” be a euphemism for creating offensive biological agents? If it isn’t, then I think Jeffrey Epstein killed himself.

    Certainly that could be an application of that kind of research.  But I saw nothing in that article in The Scientist to even hint that there could be a way researchers could identify that kind of bioengineering in a virus to distinguish it from a natural mutant. But I’ve read not read any of the other articles you linked to.

    • #66
  7. The Reticulator Member
    The Reticulator
    @TheReticulator

    Norm McDonald (View Comment):

    My friends. You need new friends.

    https://www.livescience.com/coronavirus-spike-protein-structure.html

    There is nothing in this article that even hints that the SARS-COV-2 had to have been created in a lab. 

    • #67
  8. Norm McDonald Inactive
    Norm McDonald
    @Pseudodionysius

    The Reticulator (View Comment):

    Norm McDonald (View Comment):

    My friends. You need new friends.

    https://www.livescience.com/coronavirus-spike-protein-structure.html

    There is nothing in this article that even hints that the SARS-COV-2 had to have been created in a lab.

    “Gain of function”

    • #68
  9. The Reticulator Member
    The Reticulator
    @TheReticulator

    Norm McDonald (View Comment):

    The Reticulator (View Comment):

    Norm McDonald (View Comment):

    My friends. You need new friends.

    https://www.livescience.com/coronavirus-spike-protein-structure.html

    There is nothing in this article that even hints that the SARS-COV-2 had to have been created in a lab.

    “Gain of function”

    That’s a separate article, and it talks about research to create such viruses with new functions as being a thing, but it suggests no characteristic signature of any such a virus to identify it as a lab-created one.

    • #69
  10. Norm McDonald Inactive
    Norm McDonald
    @Pseudodionysius

    The Reticulator (View Comment):

    Norm McDonald (View Comment):

    The Reticulator (View Comment):

    Norm McDonald (View Comment):

    My friends. You need new friends.

    https://www.livescience.com/coronavirus-spike-protein-structure.html

    There is nothing in this article that even hints that the SARS-COV-2 had to have been created in a lab.

    “Gain of function”

    That’s a separate article, and it talks about research to create such viruses with new functions as being a thing, but it suggests no characteristic signature of any such a virus to identify it as a lab-created one.

    Please read Comment #61 and the associated article.

    • #70
  11. The Reticulator Member
    The Reticulator
    @TheReticulator

    Norm McDonald (View Comment):

    The Reticulator (View Comment):

    Norm McDonald (View Comment):

    The Reticulator (View Comment):

    Norm McDonald (View Comment):

    My friends. You need new friends.

    https://www.livescience.com/coronavirus-spike-protein-structure.html

    There is nothing in this article that even hints that the SARS-COV-2 had to have been created in a lab.

    “Gain of function”

    That’s a separate article, and it talks about research to create such viruses with new functions as being a thing, but it suggests no characteristic signature of any such a virus to identify it as a lab-created one.

    Please read Comment #61 and the associated article.

    Been there, done that in Comment #66.

    • #71
  12. Saint Augustine Member
    Saint Augustine
    @SaintAugustine

    Unsk (View Comment):

    “Its been known for several weeks that the genetic signature of the virus — because of the distinctive splicing — had to have been created in a lab. Which lab and for what purpose are the open questions.”

    French scientists, allegedly though I cannot back it up with a reference, claim the genetic sequence for the CoronaVirus had to have been made with what they termed “gain of function technology” – a technology that is only used to create a bio-weapon.

    This is totally separate from the analysis from India?

    Very interesting. I might like to take a look at something about this.

    Last I heard, some other scientists had rebutted the ones from India. The science itself was lost on me, and I didn’t even quite get around to figuring out the logic.

    • #72
  13. Saint Augustine Member
    Saint Augustine
    @SaintAugustine

    RightAngles (View Comment):

    Norm McDonald (View Comment):

    The creation of a chimeric SARS-like virus has scientists discussing the risks of gain-of-function research.

    Jef Akst
    Nov 16, 2015

    . . .

    WHAT

    What indeed.

    Am I supposed to conclude from this that it’s possible to engineer a coronavirus bioweapon and conclude from that that it also happened in this particular situation?

    What sort of argument in that?  That’s like saying knives are possible murder weapons, and therefore Mr. Boddy was murdered by Col. Mustard with the knife. We need more evidence than that.

    This article you link here may well do a good job establishing the possibility of a particular conspiracy theory.  Perhaps, if the allegations from the Indian scientists or the French scientists recently mentioned, were established, then we’d have some interesting evidence.

    • #73
  14. Saint Augustine Member
    Saint Augustine
    @SaintAugustine

    Norm McDonald (View Comment):

    Saint Aug

    The scientists claiming to rebut that haven’t known it. I sure haven’t known it. I struggle to understand the pattern of argument, to say nothing of the underlying science.

    https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1230985717263818759

    My friends. You need new friends.

    Indeed. How will I ever have a happy life without at least two friends from every dang subspecialization of biology?

    https://www.livescience.com/coronavirus-spike-protein-structure.html

    Earlier this month, researchers published the genome of SARS-Cov-2. Using that genome, McLellan and his team, in collaboration with the National Institutes of Health (NIH), identified the specific genes that code for the spike protein. They then sent that gene information to a company that created the genes and sent them back. The group then injected those genes into mammalian cells in a lab dish and those cells produced the spike proteins.

    Next, using a very detailed microscopy technique called cryogenic electron microscopy, the group created a 3D “map,” or “blueprint,” of the spike proteins. The blueprint revealed the structure of the molecule, mapping the location of each of its atoms in space.

    “It’s impressive that these researchers were able to get the structure so quickly,” said Aubree Gordon, an associate professor of epidemiology at the University of Michigan who was not a part of the study. “It’s a very important step forward and may help in the development of a vaccine against SARS-COV-2.”

    Ok, let’s observe that the science is almost sure to be well over 90% lost on me.

    But I can manage the logic.

    It looks like the logic here is very odd: Your conclusion is that this particular virus was man-made because of what’s in these paragraphs. And what’s in these paragraphs is–bolded above–the assumption that it’s man-man, not any evidence that it’s man-made.

    Where’s that assumption coming from?

    (In this article on a different topic, it looks like a simple case of bad writing.)

    • #74
  15. Norm McDonald Inactive
    Norm McDonald
    @Pseudodionysius

    Where’s that assumption coming from?

    The 2015 article clearly shows the chimera like virus had already been created in North Carolina. In other words its existence and origin are old news.

     

    • #75
  16. Norm McDonald Inactive
    Norm McDonald
    @Pseudodionysius

    The Reticulator (View Comment):

    Norm McDonald (View Comment):

    The Reticulator (View Comment):

    Norm McDonald (View Comment):

    My friends. You need new friends.

    https://www.livescience.com/coronavirus-spike-protein-structure.html

    There is nothing in this article that even hints that the SARS-COV-2 had to have been created in a lab.

    “Gain of function”

    That’s a separate article, and it talks about research to create such viruses with new functions as being a thing, but it suggests no characteristic signature of any such a virus to identify it as a lab-created one.

    Good grief people. Work with me here. “Gain of function” is a euphemism for a bio engineered virus that “gains functions” which means “increasing virulence”.  When you see “gain of function” that means bio weapons which is why they wanted to ban the research in 2013!!

    • #76
  17. Saint Augustine Member
    Saint Augustine
    @SaintAugustine

    Norm McDonald (View Comment):

    Where’s that assumption coming from?

    The 2015 article clearly shows the chimera like virus had already been created in North Carolina. In other words its existence and origin are old news.

    The 2015 article predicted the future?

    Or is there some other evidence that it was about exactly the same virus?

    • #77
  18. Saint Augustine Member
    Saint Augustine
    @SaintAugustine

    Norm McDonald (View Comment):

    The Reticulator (View Comment):

    Norm McDonald (View Comment):

    The Reticulator (View Comment):

    Norm McDonald (View Comment):

    My friends. You need new friends.

    https://www.livescience.com/coronavirus-spike-protein-structure.html

    There is nothing in this article that even hints that the SARS-COV-2 had to have been created in a lab.

    “Gain of function”

    That’s a separate article, and it talks about research to create such viruses with new functions as being a thing, but it suggests no characteristic signature of any such a virus to identify it as a lab-created one.

    Good grief people. Work with me here. “Gain of function” is a euphemism for a bio engineered virus that “gains functions” which means “increasing virulence”. When you see “gain of function” that means bio weapons which is why they wanted to ban the research in 2013!!

    Work with me here, bro: Click back to the article Reticulator refers to as “this article.” The word “gain” does not even appear in it. If you’re making some other connection, maybe try being a little more explicit.

    • #78
  19. OmegaPaladin Moderator
    OmegaPaladin
    @OmegaPaladin

    Norm McDonald (View Comment):

    Additional bonus round:

    Would “gain of function” be a euphemism for creating offensive biological agents? If it isn’t, then I think Jeffrey Epstein killed himself.

    No, it is not.  “Gain of Function” means “the bug can do something it could not before.”  The main purpose is to try and get ahead of microbial evolution.   If we know X mutation is bad news, we can sound the alarm sooner.  We could also research what drugs are effective in treating the dangerous pathogen when it shows up in the wild.  I was at a talk for a researcher that works with a reconstituted version of the 1918 influenza virus, and studies how protective modern vaccines and treatments are.   We get that this could have shady uses – that’s why it falls under the umbrella of “dual use research of concern.”  Every research at the institution work with gets his research screened by the Institutional Biosafety Committee.  They can stop research, get your grant pulled, and generally ruin your day.  Every protocol is screened for DURC, and evaluated for threats to the public and the researchers.  A lot of research has minor versions of DURC, like letting a virus infect different cells so you can use the virus to deliver your modified DNA to the cell.

    There was a long and involved analysis of this situation after a pair of less scientifically justified gain-of-function papers came out.  I know  one of the people involved with the big committee that developed this guidance.

    If you are concerned about about biosafety and research going off the rails, please reach out to your local research university, and ask to be a public member of the Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBC)  Every IBC is required to have members from the general public, and their purpose is specifically to represent the outside pair of eyes not in the research silo.  They usually meet once a month or less often.


    Do you have any evidence that COVID-19 / nCoV-19 is equivalent to the SARS – bat coronavrius chimera created in 2015?  What percentage of homology are we talking about?   All coronaviruses have some degree of similarity – SARS and MERS are similar to each other.   I saw the livescience article – that was just on the production and purification of the spike protein, along with determining its structure.  That’s not relevant to the 2015 chimera you mentioned.

    I had read about a potential espionage incident at the National Microbiology Laboratory in Canada, where Chinese researchers did a transfer of biological samples to China without permission.  They got fired and I believe deported.

    • #79
  20. Matt Saracen Inactive
    Matt Saracen
    @dnewlander

    OmegaPaladin (View Comment):

    Norm McDonald (View Comment):

    Additional bonus round:

    Would “gain of function” be a euphemism for creating offensive biological agents? If it isn’t, then I think Jeffrey Epstein killed himself.

    No, it is not. “Gain of Function” means “the bug can do something it could not before.” The main purpose is to try and get ahead of microbial evolution. If we know X mutation is bad news, we can sound the alarm sooner. We could also research what drugs are effective in treating the dangerous pathogen. I was at a talk for a researcher that works with a reconstituted version of the 1918 influenza virus, and studies how protective modern vaccines and treatments are. We get that this could have shady uses – that’s why it falls under the umbrella of “dual use research of concern.” Every research at the institution work with gets his research screened by the Institutional Biosafety Committee. They can stop research, get your grant pulled, and generally ruin your day. Every protocol is screened for DURC, and evaluated for threats to the public and the researchers. A lot of research has minor versions of DURC, like letting a virus infect different cells so you can use the virus to deliver your modified DNA to the cell.

    There was a long and involved analysis of this situation after a pair of less scientifically justified gain-of-function papers came out. I know one of the people involved with the big committee that developed this guidance.

    If you are concerned about about biosafety and research going off the rails, please reach out to your local research university, and ask to be a public member of the Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBC) Every IBC is required to have members from the general public, and their purpose is specifically to represent the outside pair of eyes not in the research silo. They usually meet once a month or less often.

    This is good information. Thank you.

    • #80
  21. kedavis Coolidge
    kedavis
    @kedavis

    Frankly, the big problem I see with this up-front is that a resulting economic downturn could result in Bernie or someone (almost) equally ridiculous, being elected in November.

    • #81
  22. Norm McDonald Inactive
    Norm McDonald
    @Pseudodionysius

    No, it is not. “Gain of Function” means “the bug can do something it could not before.”

    Really?

    Find the name Epstein in this article

    3ain-of-Function Research: Background and Alternatives
    The field of virology, and to some extent the broader field of microbiology, widely relies on studies that involve gain or loss of function. In order to understand the role of such studies in virology, Dr. Kanta Subbarao from the Laboratory of Infectious Disease at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) gave an overview of the current scientific and technical approaches to the research on pandemic strains of influenza and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronaviruses (CoV). As discussed in greater detail later in this chapter, many participants argued that the word choice of “gain-of-function” to describe the limited type of experiments covered by the U.S. deliberative process, particularly when coupled with a pause on even a smaller number of research projects, had generated concern that the policy would affect much broader areas of virology research.

    TYPES OF GAIN-OF-FUNCTION (GOF) RESEARCH
    Subbarao explained that routine virological methods involve experiments that aim to produce a gain of a desired function, such as higher yields for vaccine strains, but often also lead to loss of function, such as loss of the ability for a virus to replicate well, as a consequence. In other words, any selection process involving an alteration of genotypes and their resulting phenotypes is considered a type of Gain-of-Function (GoF) research, even if the U.S. policy is intended to apply to only a small subset of such work.

    • #82
  23. OmegaPaladin Moderator
    OmegaPaladin
    @OmegaPaladin

    I have read about gain of function research before, you know.   It is a big topic in biosafety.   It has to be carefully monitored.

    However, it is not equivalent to bioweapons research.   That’s pretty damn gratuitous.

    Also, while I think it is plausible COVID-19 is orginally from a Chinese lab, you cannot just claim it is engineered, especially engineered in the US, without some solid evidence.

    • #83
  24. Norm McDonald Inactive
    Norm McDonald
    @Pseudodionysius

    Look what I found!

    A SARS-like cluster of circulating bat coronaviruses shows potential for human emergence

    Vineet D Menachery, Boyd L Yount Jr, Kari Debbink, Sudhakar Agnihothram, Lisa E Gralinski, Jessica A Plante, Rachel L Graham, Trevor Scobey, Xing-Yi Ge, Eric F Donaldson, Scott H Randell, Antonio Lanzavecchia, Wayne A Marasco, Zhengli-Li Shi & Ralph S Baric
    Nature Medicine volume 21, pages1508–1513(2015)

    A Corrigendum to this article was published on 06 April 2016

    This article has been updated

    The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV underscores the threat of cross-species transmission events leading to outbreaks in humans. Here we examine the disease potential of a SARS-like virus, SHC014-CoV, which is currently circulating in Chinese horseshoe bat populations1. Using the SARS-CoV reverse genetics system2, we generated and characterized a chimeric virus expressing the spike of bat coronavirus SHC014 in a mouse-adapted SARS-CoV backbone. The results indicate that group 2b viruses encoding the SHC014 spike in a wild-type backbone can efficiently use multiple orthologs of the SARS receptor human angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2), replicate efficiently in primary human airway cells and achieve in vitro titers equivalent to epidemic strains of SARS-CoV. Additionally, in vivo experiments demonstrate replication of the chimeric virus in mouse lung with notable pathogenesis. Evaluation of available SARS-based immune-therapeutic and prophylactic modalities revealed poor efficacy; both monoclonal antibody and vaccine approaches failed to neutralize and protect from infection with CoVs using the novel spike protein. On the basis of these findings, we synthetically re-derived an infectious full-length SHC014 recombinant virus and demonstrate robust viral replication both in vitro and in vivo. Our work suggests a potential risk of SARS-CoV re-emergence from viruses currently circulating in bat populations.

    Xing -Yi Ge & Zhengli-Li Shi  Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China

    • #84
  25. Norm McDonald Inactive
    Norm McDonald
    @Pseudodionysius

    Zhengli-Li Shi & Ralph S Baric sitting in a tree…next comes “prophylactic modalities revealed poor efficacy” in a baby carriage!

    • #85
  26. Norm McDonald Inactive
    Norm McDonald
    @Pseudodionysius

    Too bad I spent most of high school biology class either following the therapeutic advice of Cheech and Chong or trying to look up Becky Sue’s sun dress when the air conditioning broke down.

    • #86
  27. Saint Augustine Member
    Saint Augustine
    @SaintAugustine

    Norm McDonald (View Comment):

    Look what I found!

    A SARS-like cluster of circulating bat coronaviruses shows potential for human emergence

    Vineet D Menachery, Boyd L Yount Jr, Kari Debbink, Sudhakar Agnihothram, Lisa E Gralinski, Jessica A Plante, Rachel L Graham, Trevor Scobey, Xing-Yi Ge, Eric F Donaldson, Scott H Randell, Antonio Lanzavecchia, Wayne A Marasco, Zhengli-Li Shi & Ralph S Baric
    Nature Medicine volume 21, pages1508–1513(2015)

    A Corrigendum to this article was published on 06 April 2016

    This article has been updated

    The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV underscores the threat of cross-species transmission events leading to outbreaks in humans. Here we examine the disease potential of a SARS-like virus, SHC014-CoV, which is currently circulating in Chinese horseshoe bat populations1. Using the SARS-CoV reverse genetics system2, we generated and characterized a chimeric virus expressing the spike of bat coronavirus SHC014 in a mouse-adapted SARS-CoV backbone. . . .

    Ok, so there’s solid evidence that it’s possible to modify a bat coronavirus so that it does some stuff this one does.

    And Paladin’s remark ” ‘Gain of Function’ means ‘the bug can do something it could not before’ ” being correct, that new ability could well be to infect humans.

    Is there any evidence that the coronavirus killing people now is the same as the one engineered then? Is there any evidence that the changes to the coronavirus could not have been the result of natural mutations?

    If we have solid evidence that there is a knife in the mansion, we still need more evidence before we accuse Col. Mustard of using it in the library.

    • #87
  28. Norm McDonald Inactive
    Norm McDonald
    @Pseudodionysius

    Is there any evidence that the changes to the coronavirus could not have been the result of natural mutations?

    Sure. Its the result of natural mutations and Wu Han being in that paper is just a massive coincidence. And Epstein didn’t kill himself. Did you notice the active verbs in the article?

    • #88
  29. Norm McDonald Inactive
    Norm McDonald
    @Pseudodionysius

    If we have solid evidence that there is a knife in the mansion, we still need more evidence before we accuse Col. Mustard in the library.

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pu_LCNLillU

    • #89
  30. Norm McDonald Inactive
    Norm McDonald
    @Pseudodionysius

    Norm McDonald (View Comment):

    If we have solid evidence that there is a knife in the mansion, we still need more evidence before we accuse Col. Mustard in the library.

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pu_LCNLillU

    After all, its not like China has a reputation for murdering its own citizens or anything is it?

    • #90
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