‘America is a Project, Europe is a Sorrow’
There’s a tremendous essay in the new issue of City Journal by Pascal Bruckner titled “Europe’s Guilty Conscience –Self-hatred is paralyzing the Continent” It's brilliant writing, but also tremendously depressing, if not at all surprising, watching from afar Europe’s response to 9/11 and beyond:
Brooding over its past crimes (slavery, imperialism, fascism, communism), Europe sees its history as a series of murders and depredations that culminated in two global conflicts. The average European, male or female, is an extremely sensitive being, always ready to feel pity for the world’s sorrows and to take responsibility for them, always asking what the North can do for the South rather than asking what the South can do for itself. Those born after World War II are endowed with the certainty of belonging to the dregs of humanity, an execrable civilization that has dominated and pillaged most of the world for centuries in the name of the superiority of the white man. Since 9/11, for example, a majority of Europeans have felt, despite our sympathy for the victims, that the Americans got what they deserved. The same reasoning prevailed with respect to the terrorist attacks on Madrid in 2004 and on London in 2005, when many good souls, on both the right and the left, portrayed the attackers as unfortunate people protesting Europe’s insolent wealth, its aggression in Iraq or Afghanistan, or its way of life.
Europe has surely engendered monsters. But it has, at the same time, engendered the ideas that made it possible to slay monsters. European history is a succession of paradoxes: arbitrary feudal power gave rise to democracy; ecclesiastical oppression, to freedom of conscience; national rivalries, to the dream of a supranational community; overseas conquests, to anticolonialism; and revolutionary ideologies, to the antitotalitarian movement. Europe sent armies, missionaries, and merchants to distant lands, but also invented anthropology, which is a way of seeing through others’ eyes, of standing at some distance from oneself in order to approach the stranger. The colonial adventure died of this fundamental contradiction: the subjection of continents to the laws of a mother country that at the same time taught its subjects the idea of a nation’s right to govern itself. In demanding independence, the colonies were applying to their masters the very rules that they had learned from them.
Since the time of the conquistadors, Europe has perfected the art of joining progress and cruelty. But a civilization responsible for the worst atrocities as well as the most sublime accomplishments cannot understand itself solely in terms of guilt. The suspicion that colors our most brilliant successes always risks degenerating into self-hatred and facile defeatism. We now live on self-denunciation, as if permanently indebted to the poor, the destitute, to immigrants—as if our only duty were expiation, endless expiation, restoring without limit what we had taken from humanity from the beginning. This wave of repentance spreads through our latitudes and our governments like an epidemic. An active conscience is a fine and healthy thing, of course. But contrition must not be limited to certain parties while innocence is accorded to anyone who claims to be persecuted.
The United States, despite its own faults, retains the capacity to combine self-criticism with self-affirmation, demonstrating a pride that we lack. But Europe’s worst enemy is Europe itself, with its penitential view of its past, its corrosive guilt, and a scrupulousness taken to the point of paralysis. How can we expect to be respected if we do not respect ourselves, if our media and our literature always depict us by our blackest traits? The truth is that Europeans do not like themselves, or at least do not like themselves enough to overcome their distaste and to show the kind of quasi-religious fervor for their culture that is so striking in Americans.
That’s just a sample; definitely read the whole thing. Though heed Andrew Stuttaford’s cautionary warning at the Corner:
It’s well worth reading, but do so with care. The topic is the sense of guilt that Europeans are meant to feel about their past, but, as I read on, it was impossible to avoid the conclusion that Professor Bruckner has succumbed to the temptation of assuming that the supposed values of Europe’s elites are those of the European in the street. In the age of the post-democratic EU, that’s an understandable mistake to make, but I still read lines like this with amazement:
. . . since the end of World War II, Europe has been tormented by a need to repent. Brooding over its past crimes (slavery, imperialism, fascism, communism), Europe sees its history as a series of murders and depredations that culminated in two global conflicts. The average European, male or female, is an extremely sensitive being, always ready to feel pity for the world’s sorrows and to take responsibility for them, always asking what the North can do for the South rather than asking what the South can do for itself. Those born after World War II are endowed with the certainty of belonging to the dregs of humanity, an execrable civilization that has dominated and pillaged most of the world for centuries in the name of the superiority of the white man.
As a description of what “average Europeans” think, this is close to nonsense. Of course, there are quite a few Europeans who feel or claim to feel the way that Professor Bruckner describes, but most of them belong to the continent’s governing class, a class that now spends a great deal of its time trying to convince its distinctly skeptical fellow citizens that they share the proudly proclaimed morality of their bien-pensant betters.
To be fair, Bruckner goes on to make a fine case showing how this sense of guilt (which he describes in more detail in the rest of the piece) is overdone, and how disastrous its consequences are becoming. Nevertheless, by missing the key distinction between the views of Europe’s elite and those of its people, he misses the way in which “guilt” is being used by the elite as a device to drain power (and justify draining power) from uncouth electorates and, of course, the nation-states that are, unforgivably, the reasonably authentic expressions of the populations that live within them.
Still, it sounds like the 1970s-vintage “punitive liberalism” that James Pierson once described in the Weekly Standard is very much alive and well and working overtime in the minds of European elites, as it is amongst of the many of those who make up America’s entrenched Ruling Class (to reference another recent magnum opus essay.)
In 2005, Jonah Goldberg wrote:
The ideas, assumptions and prejudices held by the statistically typical Democratic voter, according to the Pew study, are quite simply, European. Europeans believe in a strong social welfare state, for rich and poor alike. Europeans are cynical. They look askance—these days—on patriotic sentiment (hence the rush to form a new European nation). The church pews of Europe would make a great hideout for bank robbers since they’re always empty. The United Nations is, in the typical European’s worldview, the last best hope for mankind. From the death penalty to gay marriage, the more similar you are to a typical European in your political and social outlook, the more likely you are to be a Democrat.
How much of America’s punitive liberalism was an offshoot of this sort of Euro-nihilism? And for elites, academics, and those who presumably are making a more than reasonable wages, how can one live day to day in a country — or a continent — one loathes so painfully?
(Cross posted at PJM.)
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Re: ‘America is a Project, Europe is a Sorrow’
Interesting piece, but this stood out:
"In the end, the good prevailed over the abominable. Europe is the Holocaust, but it is also the destruction of Nazism; it is the Gulag, but also the fall of the Wall."
I seem to recall they had some help.
May '10
Re: ‘America is a Project, Europe is a Sorrow’
As you say, that's both a tremendous essay and brilliant writing, especially as we are reading it in translation. The piece is full of quotable lines. I was struck by the following:
"There is nothing more insidious than a collective guilt passed down from generation to generation, dyeing a people with a kind of permanent stain. Contrition cannot define a political order. As there is no hereditary transmission of victim status, so there is no transmission of oppressor status. "
Drop those lines into a discussion on race in America and see how it's received...
Re: ‘America is a Project, Europe is a Sorrow’
James Lileks: Interesting piece, but this stood out:
"In the end, the good prevailed over the abominable. Europe is the Holocaust, but it is also the destruction of Nazism; it is the Gulag, but also the fall of the Wall."
I seem to recall they had some help. · Aug 16 at 11:57am
Perfectly put.
But it's an odd line anyway. It's sort of like saying to your battered wife, "Yes, I beat you. But don't forget that I'm also the one who stops beating you."
The guilt Europeans feel is really just a pose anyway, to keep them from having to take any real action. Guilt, in general, works that way. It's a cop-out. It allows you to receive all of the benefits and boons of a society or culture or someone else's hard work, and then to claim that it's okay because you don't enjoy any of it.
Jul '10
Re: ‘America is a Project, Europe is a Sorrow’
Europe is a testament to the ascendancy of the left: bigger government, slower growth, higher taxes, more regulation and intrusion into private lives, declining population, military weakness, the promotion of victimhood, elitist remoteness from the electorate . . . well, one could go on. We started later but by Gosh we're making up ground fast.
Jun '10
Re: ‘America is a Project, Europe is a Sorrow’
The truth is, whoever had the nastiest military weapons at the time that large-scale world travel (by ship) became possible, would be the colonialists. Europeans became tyrants because they could. But nobody had a corner on virtue. Europe had the nastiest weapons because they'd been killing each other in very nasty ways the longest, and necessity is always the mother of invention. The weapons the Spaniards took to the New World were perfected while slicing up Englishmen.
Jun '10
Re: ‘America is a Project, Europe is a Sorrow’
On behalf of Western Civilization I would like to apologize to the world for bringing about modernity. Now if we can all agree to return to the Middle Ages, we can live half as long and be twice as organic in our lifestyles.
Aug '10
Re: ‘America is a Project, Europe is a Sorrow’
It's good to see an essay like this coming from France, of all places.
I'm an American living in Hong Kong, and I've got quite a few expat friends who are British/other European. It's often hard to explain to them the essence of the difference between the American and the European characters. This essay is a sharp arrow in the quiver.
I'd like to see someone pick up the theological threads Bruckner's essay trails at several points; it's only Judeo-Christian civilization that sublimates current personal guilt over sin into collective guilt over past nationalism.
I'd also take issue with Bruckner's assumption that many European people really feel worthless and hate themselves; rather, their guilt and its concomitant sense of vast responsibility for the world's ills represents a very refined and dissolute sense of superiority: we are so evolved and sophisticated that only we can see the world for what it is, and understand how to make it better . . . .
It's also good to see Paules make the connection between Bruckner's guilt and the environmental movement; lots of self-indulgence is worked out there, too.
Aug '10
Re: ‘America is a Project, Europe is a Sorrow’
This mode of thinking that Bruckner describes so well is perhaps nowhere more endemic than on college campuses here in the US. Too bad you won't see the book on which the article is based on too many syllabi.