When Did Librarians Get Woke?

 

Local Librarian // Image credit shutterstock.com

What image comes to mind when you think of or hear the word librarian? For me that image is of a conservative person (and truth be told always a woman). By conservative, I refer not to politics or ideology (I imagine librarians have always come in a variety of ideological flavors) but instead of one with a conservative sensibility or temperament which includes a certain respect for tradition and decorum. And, that makes sense (at least to me) for those who are charged with preserving and providing access to a significant portion of our cultural heritage. In recent years, however, that image is fading fast for me.

Pride Month is celebrated at the Boston Public Library in June 2018 – Image credit Keith J Finks / Shutterstock.com

A couple of weeks ago, the American Library Association (ALA) held its annual conference and it was a cornucopia of leftism and the stupidest aspects of today’s identity politics according to this July 10, 2019 article by Joy Pullmann at The Federalist. The leftist bent of the conference also clearly shows at the ALA’s review of said conference. The ALA seems to be entirely on board and supportive of every aspect of the LGBT agenda including, regrettably, what I call their war on childhood. The conference involved many workshops including “Creating Queer-Inclusive Elementary School Library Programming,” “Telling Stories, Expanding Boundaries: Drag Queen Storytimes in Libraries,” and “A Children’s Room to Choose: Encouraging Gender Identity and Expression in School and Public Libraries.” And, of course, these sort of endeavors are to be encouraged and undertaken by librarians and school teachers regardless of what parents may think as per the workshop “Are You Going to Tell My Parents?: The Minor’s Right to Privacy in the Library.” The conference also had the usual paeans to racialist thinking and behavior such as the workshop “Talking to Kids About Race: A ‘how-to’ workshop” which included the current racial grievance industry charges such as white supremacy is the operating system in the USA, and white fragility is a tool of white supremacy. Oh, and I am happy to report that the conference was able to approve a motion that denounced detention centers for illegal immigrants. How daring of them!

I suppose I should’ve been surprised by Ms. Pullmann’s article, but I really wasn’t. It seems the ALA has been moving to the left for several decades now. I first became aware of this shortly after the 9/11 terrorist attacks. In the immediate aftermath of those attacks the Congress passed and President Bush signed into law what was called the Patriot Act, the purpose of which was to strengthen national security. Specifically, the ALA opposed Section 215 of that law, which provided for the collection of “business records,” as per this fact sheet prepared by a group in support of the law. To be fair, there were legitimate concerns regarding this provision of the law and the Congress eventually allowed Section 215 to expire in 2015. That said, the ALA’s reaction to the law was hysterical and went beyond criticism to willful disobedience of the law via purposeful destruction of records they thought pertinent to the law.

The main reading room of the New York Public Library – Image credit Keith J Finks / shutterstock.com

Around the same time, librarians were in the news for another issue. At some point twenty or so years ago, libraries began to connect to the internet and provide computer terminals for their patrons. This is all well and good; however, hardcore pornography was and is readily available and accessible on the internet and, although filtering systems exist to deny access to the porn, the ALA and librarians across the country have refused and continue to refuse to provide these filters on first amendment and other spurious grounds, despite the fact that the computers are regularly used for the viewing of hardcore porn. The silliest aspect of this issue is that until the introduction of the internet into the libraries no one ever went to a library to view pornography.

More recently the ALA has eagerly joined in on the current practice of expunging from polite society dead white people for some real or imagined transgression against one the pillars (sex and race) of today’s identity politics. In 1954, the ALA established the Laura Ingalls Wilder award – a lifetime achievement award for authors and illustrators of children’s literature – and named her as the first recipient for her “Little House” books. In 2018, the ALA renamed the award the Children’s Literature Legacy Award because her work does not comport with the ALA’s “…core values of inclusiveness, integrity, and respect” since her books “…reflect dated attitudes towards indigenous people and people of color.” In their announcement stripping Wilder of her honor, the ALA also made sure to congratulate themselves for not removing these horrible works from their library shelves. How generous of them.

With their appetite whetted by the Wilder award renaming, the ALA decided to take down a much bigger fish in the library world in 2019 – that of Melvil Dewey, the inventor of the Dewey Decimal system of library classification. And so at this year’s annual conference it was decided to strip Dewey’s name from the American Library Association’s top award – the Melvil Dewey Award- which is awarded annually to an individual who has demonstrated “creative leadership of a high order” in such fields as classification and cataloging, library management, and library training. It seems that Mr. Dewey had a bit of a #metoo problem. According to one biographer, Dewey “…was a serial hugger and kisser,” while another biographer stated that Dewey engaged in “unwelcome hugging, unwelcome touching, and unwelcome kissing” with women subordinates over a period of decades. Sounds a bit like Joe Biden, doesn’t it? He also has another problem in that he discriminated against Jews, Blacks, and others in a club he owned.

Whenever I hear or read of these situations of an organization taking a decidedly progressive turn, I am reminded of Robert Conquest’s Three Laws of Politics, the second of which is “Any organization not explicitly right-wing sooner or later becomes left-wing.” It is remarkable how often this process comes to pass. It is almost as true and immutable as Newton’s Three Laws of Motion. I should note, at least in passing that authorship for this law seems to be in dispute. It is also regularly assigned to John O’Sullivan, a former editor of National Review. If anyone can clarify this conflict, please feel free to speak up.

I mentioned earlier my image of a typical librarian. The clip below from the 1940 movie The Philadelphia Story presents a somewhat exaggerated version my typical librarian.

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  1. Arahant Member
    Arahant
    @Arahant

    Hmm, just went through Melville Dewey’s (Or do you spell it Melvil Dui?) biography on Wikipedia. One has to read between a lot of lines to see that he was one of the big Leftist Progressives of his day. Of course, if one already knew his history, it seems pretty well scrubbed of the fact that he was what he was. Now that the Left is eating their own, he gets rejected along with many others. For his time, he was woke. For today, he was a Troglodyte.

    So, more directly to answer this question:

    tigerlily: When Did Librarians Get Woke?

    The ALA has been “woke” from the beginning. They just didn’t call it that then. And like most people of the day, such as Margaret Sanger, the Progressive racism was not just casual, it was vitriolic. Now the racism hides behind other names and is focused against a different race, but it is still there.

    That said, not all librarians.

    • #1
  2. She Member
    She
    @She

    tigerlily: these sort of endeavors are to be encouraged and undertaken by librarians and school teachers regardless of what parents may think as per the workshop “Are You Going to Tell My Parents?: The Minors Right to Privacy in the Library.”

    See, here’s the problem.  When minors had no right to privacy in the library, or most other places (doctor’s office, schoolroom) either, their transgressive acts consisted of little boys doing things like hiding under their bed covers with a flashlight and a copy of Playboy magazine that one of them had swiped from his dad, and which they were passing around among themselves and getting excited over.  Or at an even younger age, like children of both sexes playing “doctor,” an activity which almost never, to my knowledge, amounted to very much at all, and certainly didn’t seem to incite early obsessions or deranged wishful thinking of any sort.

    Now that children’s parents have been trained that every action and thought that their little darling has must be encouraged and supported, that there are no boundaries of restrained, decent, or (perish the thought) normal behavior, it’s really tough to appall Mom and Dad.

    And face it, kids love to appall Mom and Dad.  And they’ll find other ways to, once the relatively benign ones, and even some of the more outré ones, don’t even raise an eyebrow anymore.

    And they have.

    • #2
  3. Full Size Tabby Member
    Full Size Tabby
    @FullSizeTabby

    And organizations wonder why their pronouncements are taken with less and less seriousness by the rest of society. 

    As the American Bar Association (lawyers) over decades made increasingly left-wing political statements, the leaders professed befuddlement about why the public increasingly ignored the organization. I think the leaders of the ABA have finally acknowledged that they are a left wing political organization that happens to be made up of lawyers, and that they deserve no more respect than any other left wing political organization. [For me the final straw was when the ABA, a group that proudly claimed the mantle of civil rights for individuals, particularly those listed in the Bill of Rights attached to the US Constitution, opposed the civil rights listed in the second amendment. The ABA has subsequently jumped on the radical feminist and LGBT… bandwagons and now opposes many of the rights listed in the first amendment as well.]

    Others on Ricochet have pointed out similar developments in several other “professional” groups.

    The leaders of the American Library Association would do well to see that the more they make such political and social engineering pronouncements, the less seriously they are taken as a “professional” organization. The public will see them as nothing more than a political organization that happens to be made up of librarians. 

    • #3
  4. tigerlily Member
    tigerlily
    @tigerlily

    Arahant (View Comment):

    Hmm, just went through Melville Dewey’s (Or do you spell it Melvil Dui?) biography on Wikipedia. One has to read between a lot of lines to see that he was one of the big Leftist Progressives of his day. Of course, if one already knew his history, it seems pretty well scrubbed of the fact that he was what he was. Now that the Left is eating their own, he gets rejected along with many others. For his time, he was woke. For today, he was a Troglodyte.

    So, more directly to answer this question:

    tigerlily: When Did Librarians Get Woke?

    The ALA has been “woke” from the beginning. They just didn’t call it that then. And like most people of the day, such as Margaret Sanger, the Progressive racism was not just casual, it was vitriolic. Now the racism hides behind other names and is focused against a different race, but it is still there.

    That said, not all librarians.

    OK. But here’s a question Arahant – approximately what percentage of librarians were progressives in say 1910 or 1960 vs today. It’s more of a rhetorical question. My guess is probably the majority (50% + 1) weren’t in 1910 or 1960, but the majority are nowadays, even if the leadership and people active in the librarian association were overwhelmingly on the left in earlier times as you state.

    • #4
  5. EJHill Podcaster
    EJHill
    @EJHill

    Technology has hollowed out the local library the way it’s done to so many other institutions. Strip any organization of its original purpose and it will find a new one. The fact that it comes with public funding makes it all the more desirable as a target.

    Pre-internet, this is where one did research. Then it became the poor man’s video store or where you copied music tracks. Now it’s a place to organize your radical politics. 

    • #5
  6. Stina Inactive
    Stina
    @CM

    It really isn’t that hard. 

    Librarians were originally straight laced and demure, but with social change, they evolved into spinsters and cranky cat-ladies at least by the 90s. Eventually, especially with little else to do with a gender studies degree, they were a landing place for lesbians and feminists (spinsters and cranky cat-ladies).

    • #6
  7. Arahant Member
    Arahant
    @Arahant

    Librarianship has been a Progressive field at least since Dewey’s time. The problem with being Progressive is that the definition of what is Progressive progresses. Back in the late Nineteenth and early Twentieth Centuries, Progressive meant welcoming women into the field, but one could still be openly against Blacks and Jews, while being atheist was seen as a step too far for most. Now, Progressive means being open and welcoming to transgenders, but hiding one’s condescension towards Blacks, couching one’s Jew-hatred in terms of Israel and Zionism, and being openly hateful towards those evil Christians and those of European descent, especially if you are one.

    As mentioned above, librarianship was an early field in being open to educated, unmarried women. Educated, unmarried career women tend to be more Progressive politically. When they marry and have children, they tend to swing a bit more towards being liberal or conservative. That does not mean the field was dominated by women, especially in 1890 or 1910, despite what your youthful impressions were. At some point, it probably did swing to more than 50% women in the profession, but the larger libraries were still often run by men. The New York Public Library and it’s two predecessors have had twenty directors/presidents over their existence. Would you care to guess how many of those twenty have been female? (Hint: It’s still less than one.) Even so, the profession has always had more women than many and has been more Progressive because of it.

    I could go into the economics and gender-specific reasons for all of this, which also applies to teachers, to nurses, and to doctors in the former Soviet Union or modern Cuba, but it isn’t that important. What is important is that Progressivism in the profession is nothing new, it is simply the definition of Progressivism that has changed.

    • #7
  8. Aaron Miller Inactive
    Aaron Miller
    @AaronMiller

    One should always distinguish between a professional organization and that profession’s practicioners. I bet the former always lean more Left because statists are understandably attracted to the politics of the profession.

    If any professional organizations are not dominated by statists, it is probably because statists treat those industries as evil. That is why oil professionals are more often conservative.

    • #8
  9. Brian Watt Inactive
    Brian Watt
    @BrianWatt

    Wokeness has encroached throughout all aspects of the society and culture – college administrations and faculties, boardrooms, HR departments, K-12, the Catholic Church from the top down, local boards of supervisors and city councils, the Boy Scouts, the Girl Scouts, ad nauseam. Taking back the culture will mean more protests, more lawsuits against all of these institutions (i.e., Gibson’s Bakery’s lawsuit victory over Oberlin College, Brett Weinstein’s win against Evergreen College, etc.), and turning Leftists against themselves so less-aware citizens can see the idiocy and evil on display.

    Are there other remedies? Can a resource be established  where conduct is monitored for civility? That sounds familiar for some reason. If there are private health clubs and country clubs around the country, why not member-screened private libraries? My sense is that a lot of people over 50 or 60 (including yours truly) have box loads of books that they would rather donate to a private library that teaches children about more conservative American and human values and how to think critically, than give those books to libraries and schools that continue to indoctrinate and warp young minds or put their children at risk of coming in contact with pedophiles and where some of their book donations may end up in dumpsters anyway or as it has been said, on the ash heap of history. Just a thought.

    • #9
  10. Juliana Member
    Juliana
    @Juliana

    I did not know what white fragility was. This is the abstract from Robin Diangelo’s paper in the International Journal of Critical Pedagogy (2011). I did not read the entire paper so I am not sure how she defines racial stress or racial comfort, or what her research looks like.   http://libjournal.uncg.edu/ijcp/article/view/249  

    White people in North America live in a social environment that protects and insulates them from race-based stress. This insulated environment of racial protection builds white expectations for racial comfort while at the same time lowering the ability to tolerate racial stress, leading to what I refer to as White Fragility. White Fragility is a state in which even a minimum amount of racial stress becomes intolerable, triggering a range of defensive moves. These moves include the outward display of emotions such as anger, fear, and guilt, and behaviors such as argumentation, silence, and leaving the stress-inducing situation. These behaviors, in turn, function to reinstate white racial equilibrium. This paper explicates the dynamics of White Fragility.

    Interesting how whites can be supreme and fragile at the same time.

    • #10
  11. Arahant Member
    Arahant
    @Arahant

    Juliana (View Comment):
    Interesting how whites can be supreme and fragile at the same time.

    Yes, and no other race can have fragility or comfort, etc.

    • #11
  12. Front Seat Cat Member
    Front Seat Cat
    @FrontSeatCat

    Juliana (View Comment):

    I did not know what white fragility was. This is the abstract from Robin Diangelo’s paper in the International Journal of Critical Pedagogy (2011). I did not read the entire paper so I am not sure how she defines racial stress or racial comfort, or what her research looks like. http://libjournal.uncg.edu/ijcp/article/view/249

    White people in North America live in a social environment that protects and insulates them from race-based stress. This insulated environment of racial protection builds white expectations for racial comfort while at the same time lowering the ability to tolerate racial stress, leading to what I refer to as White Fragility. White Fragility is a state in which even a minimum amount of racial stress becomes intolerable, triggering a range of defensive moves. These moves include the outward display of emotions such as anger, fear, and guilt, and behaviors such as argumentation, silence, and leaving the stress-inducing situation. These behaviors, in turn, function to reinstate white racial equilibrium. This paper explicates the dynamics of White Fragility.

    Interesting how whites can be supreme and fragile at the same time.

    I offer that if this is true, which I don’t believe it is, the roles are actually reversed. By claiming this, minorities especially the black liberal community are the ones that have become fragile, overly-sensitive, and labeling others, becoming victims once again and creating more victims. They haven’t learned anything from MLK.  

    • #12
  13. Miffed White Male Member
    Miffed White Male
    @MiffedWhiteMale

    Juliana (View Comment):

    I did not know what white fragility was. This is the abstract from Robin Diangelo’s paper in the International Journal of Critical Pedagogy (2011). I did not read the entire paper so I am not sure how she defines racial stress or racial comfort, or what her research looks like. http://libjournal.uncg.edu/ijcp/article/view/249

    White people in North America live in a social environment that protects and insulates them from race-based stress. This insulated environment of racial protection builds white expectations for racial comfort while at the same time lowering the ability to tolerate racial stress, leading to what I refer to as White Fragility. White Fragility is a state in which even a minimum amount of racial stress becomes intolerable, triggering a range of defensive moves. These moves include the outward display of emotions such as anger, fear, and guilt, and behaviors such as argumentation, silence, and leaving the stress-inducing situation. These behaviors, in turn, function to reinstate white racial equilibrium. This paper explicates the dynamics of White Fragility.

    Interesting how whites can be supreme and fragile at the same time.

    I assume “White Fragility” at it’s core just means whites who don’t acknowledge the “reality” of “White Supremacy”.

     

    • #13
  14. Rodin Member
    Rodin
    @Rodin

    The story of librarians is truly a sad tale. Their role was once a noble one: archivists and promoters of access to the expanding documentation of human knowledge and experience. To have this noble calling captured by regressives and book burners is beyond pathetic.

    • #14
  15. EJHill Podcaster
    EJHill
    @EJHill

    Miffed White Male: I assume “White Fragility” at it’s core just means whites who don’t acknowledge the “reality” of “White Supremacy”.

    They mean mental fragility. You see POC everywhere and feel threatened, both culturally and physically. That makes you do irrational things like vote for Trump and other politicians that speak in “dog whistles.” If you were “strong” you would accept both your guilt and your impending majority minority status. 

    • #15
  16. Ansonia Member
    Ansonia
    @Ansonia

    Re: # 10

    I can see how whites could be supreme and fragile at the same time. After all, slaveholders in the South must have been. The question is are they ?

    The whole “white fragility” thing has a self fulfilling prophecy feel to it. Also, arguing against it, or even questioning it, is exactly like what we’ve been told it once was to argue against the ideas of Sigmund Freud: Once upon a recent time, the more a woman questioned the assertion that women were frustrated over certain constraints on them out of penis envy, the more she was told she was only proving how prevalent penis envy was. I think the fact that it is that type of arguing should be pointed out more often to the people peddling the “White fragility” thing.

    • #16
  17. Front Seat Cat Member
    Front Seat Cat
    @FrontSeatCat

    I remember the library the way the post describes, but minus cranky. I found the Dewey system confusing, so the librarian was always helpful. The library was a place where children’s hour was just a woman telling a great story to kids, no political agenda, no indoctrination of getting kids “used to” alternative lifestyles. The same with school. You learned about hygiene there, the physical differences in anatomy class, and there were boundaries. You learned about the birds and the bees at home. 

    • #17
  18. Al Sparks Coolidge
    Al Sparks
    @AlSparks

    Probably the person who was the most influential with public libraries as they’re constituted today was Andrew Carnegie who included libraries as a part of his extensive philanthropy.  His philanthropy included Great Britain, and their public library model may be equivalent to the United States.

    Carnegie was considered a capitalist, but he had some misgivings about the accumulation of wealth, which like Bill Gates, he decided to give it away during the latter part of his life.  His foundation, which lives on, is probably closer to being “woke” than reflecting the philosophy of its founder.

    Nowadays, public libraries in the United States are almost wholly government funded, with the vast majority of librarians directly employed by the government, albeit a local municipality.  Even most college librarians work for a public college where the employees get their paychecks directly from the state government.  Most public libraries today get their funding from a mixture of local taxes and state and federal grants.  Public librarians know how to write grant proposals.

    Being a public librarian is a humbling experience, especially a head librarian, except perhaps in the biggest of cities. They go before a city council and compete for funding for such entities like the police department, the fire department, and local social services. They’d much rather ask for money from somewhere else, which I’ve already hinted they do.

    I don’t know of any except the smallest of localities (maybe a local government consisting of 50 residents) that doesn’t have a public library.

    But they’ve outlived their usefulness. Having a library card isn’t as valuable as it once was. And the extensive funding of infrastructure for, well, access to the internet, seems less justified. You definitely don’t need a person with a graduate Library Science degree (yes they call their profession a science, though I’ve never heard librarians refer to themselves as scientists; this is not a STEM degree) to provide internet access to the poor in a building.

    Like NPR and PBS, it’s time to remove public funding of libraries and by extension the American Librarian Association (ALA).

    • #18
  19. DonG Coolidge
    DonG
    @DonG

    Leftists ruin everything they touch. 

    • #19
  20. tigerlily Member
    tigerlily
    @tigerlily

    DonG (View Comment):

    Leftists ruin everything they touch.

    True.

    • #20
  21. Wylee Coyote Member
    Wylee Coyote
    @WyleeCoyote

    Juliana (View Comment):

    White Fragility is a state in which even a minimum amount of racial stress becomes intolerable, triggering a range of defensive moves. These moves include the outward display of emotions such as anger, fear, and guilt, and behaviors such as argumentation, silence, and leaving the stress-inducing situation.

    So, when confronted with a racial accusation with which you disagree, your options are:

    1. Argue against it

    2. Don’t argue against it

    3. Leave

    All of which, conveniently enough, are signs of your guilt!

    These people seem like they’re a couple ducking stools short of a witch hunt.

    • #21
  22. tigerlily Member
    tigerlily
    @tigerlily

    Wylee Coyote (View Comment):

    Juliana (View Comment):

    White Fragility is a state in which even a minimum amount of racial stress becomes intolerable, triggering a range of defensive moves. These moves include the outward display of emotions such as anger, fear, and guilt, and behaviors such as argumentation, silence, and leaving the stress-inducing situation.

    So, when confronted with a racial accusation with which you disagree, your options are:

    1. Argue against it

    2. Don’t argue against it

    3. Leave

    All of which, conveniently enough, are signs of your guilt!

    These people seem like they’re a couple ducking stools short of a witch hunt.

    Yes, every possible response results in the same verdict.

    • #22
  23. Yehoshua Ben-Eliyahu Inactive
    Yehoshua Ben-Eliyahu
    @YehoshuaBenEliyahu

    White fragility is overlooking a black guy’s incompetency out of guilt.  It helped elect and re-elect a nincompoop and America hater named Barack Obama.

    • #23
  24. Arahant Member
    Arahant
    @Arahant

    Al Sparks (View Comment):
    (yes they call their profession a science, though I’ve never heard librarians refer to themselves as scientists; this is not a STEM degree)

    Have you ever looked into the data management aspects of cataloging?

    • #24
  25. Ansonia Member
    Ansonia
    @Ansonia

    Re: 21 and 22

    I don’t envy young people who have to figure out when it’s best to respond to the accusation with “Yeah, whatever” and continue arguing their point.

    But the purpose of accusing people of white fragility is definitely to get them so careful to avoid looking like they’re demonstrating it that they won’t make any counter argument when something unlikely or false is said about some kind of incident, or historical incident, involving people who are or were white.

    I don’t see how it could be a good idea, ever, to get drawn into arguing, too directly, either that you don’t have white fragility or that it doesn’t exist.

    • #25
  26. tigerlily Member
    tigerlily
    @tigerlily

    Wow! I was just reading the Instapundit website and saw that he linked to this post. It surprised and thrilled me.

    • #26
  27. Al Sparks Coolidge
    Al Sparks
    @AlSparks

    Arahant (View Comment):

    Al Sparks (View Comment):
    (yes they call their profession a science, though I’ve never heard librarians refer to themselves as scientists; this is not a STEM degree)

    Have you ever looked into the data management aspects of cataloging?

    Cataloging is a science?  Does it require 3 semesters of calculus with additional math credits?

    It’s more of a process discipline, how to get your data from point A to point B, not so much a science.

    • #27
  28. Arahant Member
    Arahant
    @Arahant

    Al Sparks (View Comment):

    Cataloging is a science? Does it require 3 semesters of calculus with additional math credits?

    It’s more of a process discipline, how to get your data from point A to point B, not so much a science.

    Yeah, but what is psychology called? I’ll take cataloguing over many things that are called sciences.

    • #28
  29. Al Sparks Coolidge
    Al Sparks
    @AlSparks

    Arahant (View Comment):

    Al Sparks (View Comment):

    Cataloging is a science? Does it require 3 semesters of calculus with additional math credits?

    It’s more of a process discipline, how to get your data from point A to point B, not so much a science.

    Yeah, but what is psychology called? I’ll take cataloguing over many things that are called sciences.

    Psychology is called a “social science”, and I agree it’s not.  Nor is library “science.”  Kind of a bizarre argument.

    • #29
  30. Arahant Member
    Arahant
    @Arahant

    Al Sparks (View Comment):

    Arahant (View Comment):

    Al Sparks (View Comment):

    Cataloging is a science? Does it require 3 semesters of calculus with additional math credits?

    It’s more of a process discipline, how to get your data from point A to point B, not so much a science.

    Yeah, but what is psychology called? I’ll take cataloguing over many things that are called sciences.

    Psychology is called a “social science”, and I agree it’s not. Nor is library “science.” Kind of a bizarre argument.

    How about this then. The word “science” comes from the Latin for “knowledge.” Librarianship is the knowledge of how to organize knowledge. It’s actually a form of cryptography.

    • #30
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